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Who are the Maya?
• One of the largest ethnic groups of
Guatemala, Mexico and Belize
• Long history of social, economic, and
political repression
The Maya Creation Story
Xmucane
Divine Grandmother
to the Gods
People of the Corn: The Milpa
El Dorado
The Milpa: People of the Corn
Maya Priest with Cacao
Representation of a cacao plant
Civil War in Guatemala,19601996, forced many to migrate.
From the late
1970s the
Maya
migrated in
greatest
numbers to
Mexico and
then the
United States
Rigoberta Menchu Tum (Peace Nobel Prize 1992)
Maya, genocide survival
Los Angeles

Indiantown

Guatemala
The Maya in Mérida, Mexico
Los Mayas del Norte:
Biocultural aspects of health status of
Guatemala Maya children living in the
United States.
Barry Bogin & Maria Inês Varela-Silva
Loughborough University
B.A.Bogin@lboro.ac.uk

Patricia K. Smith
University of Michigan-Dearborn
James Loucky
Western Washington University
Maya in Disneyland:
Growth and Health of the
Children of Immigrants to the
United States
Samples boys and girls, 6-12 years old
measured in Los Angeles, CA and
Indiantown, Fl
Site visits in 1992 (N=213) and 1999-2000
(N=431)
Compared with Maya in Guatemala 1998
(N=1353) and the NHANES reference data
Los Angeles,
California
Indiantown,
Florida
Mean height of Maya samples and mean
height of NHANES reference data
155
150
145
Height (cm)

140
135
130
125
120
115
110

mean diff. = 10.24 cm

105
100
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Age (years)
Age (years)
Maya-Guat

Maya-USA1992

Maya-USA2000

NHANES
NHANES
Mean sitting height ratio (SHR) of Maya
samples and mean SHR of NHANES
reference data
58

Sitting Height Ratio

57
56
55
54
53
52
51

mean diff. In leg length = 7.02 cm

50
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Age (years)

Maya-Guat

Maya-USA2000

SHR= [(sitting height/height)*100]

NHANES
Mean body mass index (BMI) of Maya samples
and mean BMI of NHANES reference data
24

Body Mass Index

22

20

18

16

14
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Age (years)
Maya-Guat

Maya-USA1992

Maya-USA2000

BMI= [weight (kg)/stature2 (m)]

NHANES
Prevalence of Stunting, Overweight, and Obesity: Indiantown 2000

Stunted

Overweight

Obese

n

Maya

11.5%

48.6%

25.3%

296

Mexican

3.8

35.0

28.0

157

Haitian

7.7

30.8

23.1

13

Euro. Amer.

0.0

24.5

18.4

49

African Amer.

0.7

31.7

25.9

139

Others

0.0

41.7

38.9

36

TOTAL

6.1

39.7

33.5

690

The rate of stunting for Guatemala overall is 44 percent, but for Maya
children the rate is 58 percent. United States national average of
overweight is 13% in this age group.
Obesogenic environments
The Maya of Indiantown
Photos from 1992 - 2008
Indiantown Demographics
• Major Employers
Via Tropical.....................450
Florida Power & light......153
Cogeneration Plant……...70
Indiantown Group.............47
Bay State Milling..............36
Tampa Farm Service.......35
First Bank of Indiantown..26

• Population
1990 ........ 8,300
1995 ........ 9,700
1997 ……10,679
2000 ……15,530
Indiantown – 150th Street, near
Hope Rural School
Hope Rural School – Arts & Crafts
Restaurant #1& Food Shop #1
Food store #2
Restaurant #2 & Food Shop #3
Restaurant #3 & Food Shop #4
Food Shops #4 & #5
Health Center #1
Health Center #1
Food Shops #6
Pharmacy #1 - Restaurants #4 & #5
Restaurants #4 & #5
Food Shop #7 & Restaurant #6

13 places to buy food, mostly junk food
The Juice Plant
Orange Groves
The Guatemala Maya Center,
Lake Worth, Florida
The Guatemala Maya Center,
Lake Worth, Florida
Junk Food at
Lake Worth
Imported from
Guatemala
and Mexico
After School Program,
Guatemala Maya Center
After School
Program,
Guatemala
Maya Center
House in Maya Neighborhood
Biocultural model of some relationships
affecting child health in immigrant
families
Socioeconomic
status
- occupation
- earnings
- education

Assimilation path
- melting pot
- bicultural
- avoidance

Lifestyle
- diet
- physical activity

Parental
investment
- health care
- education
- “happiness”

Child health
outcomes
- growth
La familia maya
Biocultural changes in the Maya Family
Guatemala

Los Angeles
The next step in our research –
Intergenerational, nutritional, behavioural
risks for child obesity
Mother’s nutritional
status during childhood
lower limb

Mother’s actual
nutritional status BMI

Child’s
overweight/
obesity level

Child’s fat-to-carbohydrate
oxidation ratio Respiratory
quotient

Child’s physical activity
Accelerometry
Child’s nutrition Healthy
Eating Index

Family rural/urban
gradient (4 sites)

Family migratory
status (Did mother
migrate?)

Early determinants of
child’s health
(Good beginnings index)
Maya in D is y nd
nela :
Growth and Health of the
Children of Immigrants to the
United States
Maya Project Mission: RTI
Research
Training
Keep a steady stream
of research projects
aiming to improve the Continue and improve
training sessions and
health and living
conditions of the Maya programmes so that
PD of local scholars is
guaranteed

Community engagement
Implement on-site
facilities and
educational
programmes that will
directly benefit the
Maya communities
Maya Project Mission: Impact

Other cultural
events

Seminars

Art exhibitions

Dissemination of
results
SCHOOL CHILDREN LEARN ABOUT HEALTH AND
NUTRITION WITH THE MAYA PROJECT
mayaproject.org.uk
@MayaProjectUK
HANDLING CORN
HOW DOES THAT TORTILLA FEEL?
YES, THE MASKS HAVE HORNS
AND THIS IS A COMAL WITH EXAMPLES OF MAYA FOOD
SHARING FOOD…LEARNING ABOUT IT
SPANISH RICE, BEANS, AND CORN…HUMM…!
NOW, LET’S START DRAWING ABOUT IT
Case study:  The Maya

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Case study: The Maya

  • 1. Who are the Maya? • One of the largest ethnic groups of Guatemala, Mexico and Belize • Long history of social, economic, and political repression
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 6. People of the Corn: The Milpa
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. The Milpa: People of the Corn
  • 12. Representation of a cacao plant
  • 13. Civil War in Guatemala,19601996, forced many to migrate. From the late 1970s the Maya migrated in greatest numbers to Mexico and then the United States
  • 14. Rigoberta Menchu Tum (Peace Nobel Prize 1992) Maya, genocide survival
  • 16.
  • 17. The Maya in Mérida, Mexico
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Los Mayas del Norte: Biocultural aspects of health status of Guatemala Maya children living in the United States. Barry Bogin & Maria Inês Varela-Silva Loughborough University B.A.Bogin@lboro.ac.uk Patricia K. Smith University of Michigan-Dearborn James Loucky Western Washington University
  • 21. Maya in Disneyland: Growth and Health of the Children of Immigrants to the United States Samples boys and girls, 6-12 years old measured in Los Angeles, CA and Indiantown, Fl Site visits in 1992 (N=213) and 1999-2000 (N=431) Compared with Maya in Guatemala 1998 (N=1353) and the NHANES reference data
  • 23.
  • 24. Mean height of Maya samples and mean height of NHANES reference data 155 150 145 Height (cm) 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 mean diff. = 10.24 cm 105 100 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Age (years) Age (years) Maya-Guat Maya-USA1992 Maya-USA2000 NHANES NHANES
  • 25. Mean sitting height ratio (SHR) of Maya samples and mean SHR of NHANES reference data 58 Sitting Height Ratio 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 mean diff. In leg length = 7.02 cm 50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Age (years) Maya-Guat Maya-USA2000 SHR= [(sitting height/height)*100] NHANES
  • 26. Mean body mass index (BMI) of Maya samples and mean BMI of NHANES reference data 24 Body Mass Index 22 20 18 16 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Age (years) Maya-Guat Maya-USA1992 Maya-USA2000 BMI= [weight (kg)/stature2 (m)] NHANES
  • 27. Prevalence of Stunting, Overweight, and Obesity: Indiantown 2000 Stunted Overweight Obese n Maya 11.5% 48.6% 25.3% 296 Mexican 3.8 35.0 28.0 157 Haitian 7.7 30.8 23.1 13 Euro. Amer. 0.0 24.5 18.4 49 African Amer. 0.7 31.7 25.9 139 Others 0.0 41.7 38.9 36 TOTAL 6.1 39.7 33.5 690 The rate of stunting for Guatemala overall is 44 percent, but for Maya children the rate is 58 percent. United States national average of overweight is 13% in this age group.
  • 29. The Maya of Indiantown Photos from 1992 - 2008
  • 30. Indiantown Demographics • Major Employers Via Tropical.....................450 Florida Power & light......153 Cogeneration Plant……...70 Indiantown Group.............47 Bay State Milling..............36 Tampa Farm Service.......35 First Bank of Indiantown..26 • Population 1990 ........ 8,300 1995 ........ 9,700 1997 ……10,679 2000 ……15,530
  • 31. Indiantown – 150th Street, near Hope Rural School
  • 32. Hope Rural School – Arts & Crafts
  • 35. Restaurant #2 & Food Shop #3
  • 36. Restaurant #3 & Food Shop #4
  • 41. Pharmacy #1 - Restaurants #4 & #5
  • 43. Food Shop #7 & Restaurant #6 13 places to buy food, mostly junk food
  • 46. The Guatemala Maya Center, Lake Worth, Florida
  • 47. The Guatemala Maya Center, Lake Worth, Florida
  • 48. Junk Food at Lake Worth Imported from Guatemala and Mexico
  • 51. House in Maya Neighborhood
  • 52. Biocultural model of some relationships affecting child health in immigrant families Socioeconomic status - occupation - earnings - education Assimilation path - melting pot - bicultural - avoidance Lifestyle - diet - physical activity Parental investment - health care - education - “happiness” Child health outcomes - growth
  • 54. Biocultural changes in the Maya Family Guatemala Los Angeles
  • 55. The next step in our research – Intergenerational, nutritional, behavioural risks for child obesity Mother’s nutritional status during childhood lower limb Mother’s actual nutritional status BMI Child’s overweight/ obesity level Child’s fat-to-carbohydrate oxidation ratio Respiratory quotient Child’s physical activity Accelerometry Child’s nutrition Healthy Eating Index Family rural/urban gradient (4 sites) Family migratory status (Did mother migrate?) Early determinants of child’s health (Good beginnings index)
  • 56. Maya in D is y nd nela : Growth and Health of the Children of Immigrants to the United States
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Maya Project Mission: RTI Research Training Keep a steady stream of research projects aiming to improve the Continue and improve training sessions and health and living conditions of the Maya programmes so that PD of local scholars is guaranteed Community engagement Implement on-site facilities and educational programmes that will directly benefit the Maya communities
  • 62. Maya Project Mission: Impact Other cultural events Seminars Art exhibitions Dissemination of results
  • 63. SCHOOL CHILDREN LEARN ABOUT HEALTH AND NUTRITION WITH THE MAYA PROJECT mayaproject.org.uk @MayaProjectUK
  • 65. HOW DOES THAT TORTILLA FEEL?
  • 66. YES, THE MASKS HAVE HORNS
  • 67. AND THIS IS A COMAL WITH EXAMPLES OF MAYA FOOD
  • 69. SPANISH RICE, BEANS, AND CORN…HUMM…!
  • 70. NOW, LET’S START DRAWING ABOUT IT

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Barry Bogin
  2. Barry Bogin
  3. Yolanda Vaquez
  4. Barry Bogin
  5. Rudy Giron
  6. Rudy Giron
  7. Barry Bogin