2. How the language is influenced by society
and culture?…
How to
Speak
Is influenced
Not only But also
Regional
accent or
Social factor
dialect

3. Social class Is classified
Results in Upper Lower
Main class class
Differences in factor
the languague
Industrial
revolution
Such as The rise of
Britain became urbanization is
Lexical the first nation connected with
and to have an an increase
phonological Industrial in social
differences working class Stratification which
affects in lingusitic variation

4. Main points
 “ The sociolinguistic consequences of urbanitization
promote linguistic diversity as well uniformity”
 “Urban environments are often the sites of contact
between languages as well as dialects”
 “Variation of the speech are connected with social
factors such as social class, age, sex and style in
predictable way”

6. Some studies
New york city Reading Social class
32 0 Upper middle class
20 28 Lower middle class
12 44 Upper working class
0 49 Lower working class
This table shows the percentage of postvocalic /r/ s pronunced among different
kind of social class. The results show that in New York City the lower one`s socil
status, as measured in terms of factors such as occupation,education,an
income,the fewer postvocalic /r/s one uses, while in reading the reverse is true.

7. Social class (ing) (r) (h)
Middle m class 31 41 6
Tower m class 42 62 14
Upper working 87 89 40
Middle w class 95 92 59
Lower w class 100 94 61
This table shows percentage of non RP forms in Norwich. This shows the
results for ing, t, and h,. How this RP is used by different class group and
also, it shows that the lower a person`s social status, he or she is to use a
higher percentage of alveolar rather than velar nasal endings

10. Style and language
 It is related to casual or formal. Style can range from
formal to informal depending on social
context,relationship of the participants,social
class,sex,age,physical environment, and topic.
 Style is a multidimensional phenomenon.

11. Examples: (G)
icebox, wireless, rules, su
cks /(Y) we`re getting
Dialects ready, he`s like, let`s go
survey
Variation according to
Younger age is most noticeable
Age Grandparents
speakers
across both of
them, time span
Variation according to
gender:
Female tend to use more
Gender Male Female prestigious forms and
speak their personal
feelings and male tend to
use with the same general
Examples: (M)I done it, it growed social background , non-
personal topics
and he ain`t / (F) I did it, it grew
and he isn`t

12. Not only the education
influences in dialects
surveys for example people
who have left their
education system tend to
adopt forms which are not
frequenty in the speech but
also social class is a issue
such as in occupation and
socio-economic status, the
most common differences
are in pronunciation

13. Overt prestige:
Positively valued ways
of speaking in social
communities
varieties of
language used by
groups defined
according to
class, education,
age, sex, and a
number of other
social Covert prestige:
parameters non-standard forms and
expressions by certain
sub-groups

14. Language and social network
 Some linguistic studies have emphasized the nature of contacts
and networks in a society and also have mentioned that there is a
relation between individual`s netwrok with the effect on
language choice.
 “Dense network has relation with the people whom speaker
knows and interacts with also know each other while “Multiplex
network” has relation with the individuals who interact are tied
to one another in other ways.
 High network scores indicating the strength of association with
the local community used more local, nonstandard forms of
speech
 The notion of network is thus more useful than social class and
it applies equally well to multilingual adn monolingual settings.

15. Standardization
 Standardization is the main agents of inequality
 The process of standardization converts one variety
into a standard by fixing and regulating its spelling,
grammar., etc.
 Standardization is not an inherent, but rather an
acquired or deliberately and artificially imposed
characteristic
 Most of the present day standard languages of Europe
emerged within a climate of intense political
nationalism

17. All dialects can be described Pronunciation
with the same kind of , morphology, vocabulary, gram
precision as standard language mar, and semantic that make
variation one group of speakers different
from another
Dialects
Lexical differences

18. Variation in According to
There is considerable speech
Whitin each
education
Ethnic
group
of the
Dialects
Educated
Socioeconomic and
group uneducated
speech

19. The latter moves
away from regional
usage to a form of
english taht cuts
across regional
boundaries
The former can be Educated
identified with
nostandard regional
and
dialect uneducated
speech
Educated English
tends to be given the
It`s codified in additional prestige of
dictionaries, grammar governmet
s, and guides to agencies, the
usage, and it is professions, the
taught im teh school political parties, teh
system at all levels press, teh law
court, and the pulpit

20. It`s spoken by educated
It`s a variation of language people
It is not
associated
It is not
with
non_ native
geography
speakers
It`s prestigios It`s used in academic
writing, grammatical, linguistic
correct

21. National
standards
According to the
Other
number of
distinctive usages
British American natinal
and in the degree
to which these
standards
distinction are
institutionalized
E.G
“Number of
distinctive usages Scots, Hiberno_Engli
and in the degree sh, Irish
to which these English,Canadian
distinctions are English, New Zeland
instutionalized” and Australian
English

22. AmE and BrE differences
E.G
BrE : lift
AmE: elevator
Vocabulary Grammar
Bre : It`s comes
close to enjoying
Orthography Pronounciation
the status of
“standard”-
associated with
the older shools
and universities of
England “RP”

23. Formal and
informal
contexts show
grade of
differences in
attitude

24. References
 Sociolinguistic Patterns, Chapter 3.
•“Language, society and culture” Yule, G (1996) The
study of language UK, Cambridge University Press