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Checking the Health of your Active
Directory Environment


Stanley Lopez, Senior Premier Field Engineer
February 24, 2012
Overview of PFE
Premier Field Engineering (PFE) provides technical
leadership for Microsoft’s Premier customers around the
world to promote health in their IT environments through
onsite, remote and dedicated support services.


   Envision          Canada                 WE

                                    UK            CEE
    Project                                               GCR
   Planning
                US             France

                                        Germany
                                                                Japan
    Build                                  MEA
                       Latam
                                                  India
                                                          APAC

   Stabilize


    Deploy




   Operate
Microsoft



Driving Operations Excellence
                                                                                           Confidential




               Get Healthy                                       Stay Healthy

     Assess          Plan        Stabilize         Educate          Prevent        Optimize


                                                                       Desired
                                                                                   Service Level
                                                                   Configuration
 • Active                                                                          Management
                                                                   Management
  Directory,
                                ADRAP                                 Proactive
 Exchange &                                      Troubleshooti                       Service
                              Remediation                           Monitoring
  Windows        Operation                       ng & Disaster                       Catalog
                                                                   Management
 Server Risk     Strategic                         Recovery                          Design
                              * Dedicated                             Software
 Assessment       Review                           Workshop
                                Support                                Update
  & Health                                                                          Capacity
                              Engineer for                         Management
   Check        Messaging                          Roles &                         Management
                              Exchange &                             • Monthly
  Program -     Service Map                      Knowledge
                                Windows                                 Hot Fix
   ADRAP                                         Management
                                Servers                             Change and
                                                                   Configuration
 Operations
                                                                   Management
   RAP



                   Ready for Business & Mission Critical Support

                                             3
Is Your AD Healthy?
 Major Components of Active
 Directory
 Active Directory Replication
 SYSVOL Replication
 Name Resolution
 Domain Controller health
 Why DR is important for AD
Microsoft Confidential


Major Components of Active Directory


           Active Directory
             Replication


              SYSVOL               Domain Controller
             Replication               Health



           Name Resolution



                      Disaster Recovery




                               5
Microsoft Confidential


Active Directory Replication


            Active Directory
              Replication


               SYSVOL               Domain Controller
              Replication               Health



            Name Resolution



                       Disaster Recovery




                                6
Active Directory Replication 101




 Active Directory Replication
    Synchronizes changes between domain controllers in a multi-master environment
    Ensures data stored on all domain controllers is consistent
 Replication Model and Benefits
    Multi-Master
    – Scalability, Reliability and High Availability
    Store and forward
    – Reduce communication over WAN Links
    Pull Replication
    – Request-Pull
    – Request consist of data already received
    State-based and Attribute Level Replication
    – Minimize replication traffic

                                                       7
Directory Partition Replicas
                            Global Catalogue
Active Directory Database



                                 Schema

                                               Forest-wide Replication
        NTDS.DIT



                               Configuration

                             Forest DNZ Zone           Replication occurs at partition level

                                 Domain
                                               Domain-wide Replication

                            Domain DNS Zone

                                Domain Y

                                               Note: sometimes called as NC (Naming Context)

                                                 8
Replication Topology
                                                                ISTG
                                        Site A

           Connection Object




            Subnets
                                                                           Site Link A-C
                                                                       Cost 100/Interval 180

 Bridgehead Server




                                   Site Link A-B
                                Cost 100/Interval 15




                                                 Bridgehead Server
                               ISTG
                                                       / ISTG
                                                                           Site C
                 Site B


                                            9
Inter-site Replication Topology
  Connections
         A one-way, inbound route from one DC, the source to another DC, the destination
  Site
         Define sets of DC that are well connected together, in terms of speed and cost
         A site contains one or more subnets
         A site can contain more than one domain and one domain can span more than one site
         Within a site, the replication topology is generated by KCC automatically
  Site Links
         Between sites, site link have to be established in order for the KCC (ISTG) to generate the topology across the
         sites
         Site link contains the schedule which determines when replication can take place as well as an assigned ‘cost’
  Site Link Bridge
         When more than 2 sites are linked for replication and use the same transport, all of the site link are ‘bridged’
         Site link bridge are ‘transitive’
  Bridgehead Server
         Designated server to perform site-to-site replication, for each directory partition
         Bridgehead servers can be designated by the administrator or automatically assigned by KCC
  Inter-Site Topology Generator (ISTG)
         Within a site, KCC will run on each DC to generate the topology for the site
         Between sites, a DC will be designated as the ISTG to generate the topology for inter-site replication
         The first DC for the site automatically becomes the ISTG
         ISTG need not necessary be a bridge head server
                                                             10
Things to note…

   KCC vs. Manually created connection objects
      No automatic fail-over for manually created connection objects
   Directory partition connection
      One for Schema and Configuration, one for Domain
   Global Catalog Replication
      Connection required for ISTG to create inter-site topology
   Bridgehead Servers
      2000 – One per domain/per site
      2003 and above – more than one may be selected
   Subnets to site mapping
      Ensure that clients communicate with the ‘closest’ DC




                                  11
Checking Replication

   Repadmin
   Active Directory Sites and Services
   Event viewer
   DCDiag
   Replmon
   Active Directory Topology Diagrammer (ADTD)




                           12
AD Replication Best Practices

   Verify Forest-wide replication status at least once a week and prior
   to making major changes that rely on directory replication
   Monitor ISTGs and Bridgehead servers more frequently
   DO NOT
      Fix DC that has not been replicating for more than TSL
      Restore backups more than the TSL
      Decrease TSL without proper understanding of the impact, unless
      there is a strong justification for it.
      Create manual connection objects unnecessarily
      Assign preferred bridgehead servers without both a compelling
      reason and thorough understanding of expected results
      Change default setting without a proper understanding of the
      implications

                                   13
Microsoft Confidential


SYSVOL Replication


           Active Directory
             Replication


              SYSVOL               Domain Controller
             Replication               Health



           Name Resolution



                      Disaster Recovery




                              14
SYSVOL Replication

   File Replication Services
   Distributed File Replication Services




                              15
Checking SYSVOL replication

  Verify dependent services are functioning
    Name Resolution
    AD Replication
  Review FRS status
    SONAR
    Event Logs
    FRSDiag
  Review DFRS status
    DFS Replication has an in-box diagnostic report for the
    replication backlog, replication efficiency, and the number of files
    and folders in a given replication group
    Dfsrdiag.exe is a command-line tool that can generate a backlog
    count or trigger a propagation test. Both show the state of
    replication.
                                    16
Common pitfalls for FRS
   Replication/FRS failures undetected
     Journal Wrap failures
     FRS service not running
     Improper decommissioning of domain controllers
   SYSVOL partition running out of disk space
   Storing non-group policy files in SYSVOL
   Configuring inappropriate permissions on SYSVOL folders
   Manual copying/deleting of files
   Improper use of D2/D4
   Excessive Replication
     File system policy
     Anti-Virus Software
     Defragmenter
   Sharing Violation
     Files held open by applications
                                         17
FRS best practices
  Proactively monitor AD and FRS replication
  Monitor the event logs for FRS regularly for FRS errors,
  sharing violations and excessive replication
  Clean up metadata of improperly decommissioned DC
  Do not stop FRS service for extended period of time
  Never copy files that live in the SYSVOL between DC,
  always try to troubleshoot why files aren’t replicating
  Use D2(Non-Authoritative) and D4(Authoritative) with
  care
  Do not configure file system policies on SYSVOL
  Do not scan or defrag SYSVOL
  Do not store non-group policy files in SYSVOL
                              18
DFRS Best Practices

   DFS Replication is a multi-master replication engine, this means that changes can be
   made on all locations. Do not make changes on one document on two locations at
   the same time, changes will not merge, the conflict is solved by using the last writer
   wins.
   Sharing violations -users open files and gain exclusive WRITE locks in order to modify
   their data- will prevent DFSR from replicating the modified file. Periodically those
   changes are written within NTFS by the application and the USN Change Journal is
   updated. DFSR Monitors that journal and will attempt to replicate the file, only to find
   that it cannot because the file is still open.
   An event will be logged if DFSR is repeatedly having troubles replicating open files. In
   the DFS Replication event log entries for 4302 and 4304 will appear.
   The option to adjust the replication schedule in DFSR management is greyed out.
   This is done because SYSVOL replication follows the same replication path and
   schedule as active directory. If the time window is open DFSR will replicate almost
   instantly. If the replication is not possible because of the schedule replication will start
   when the time window opens. This means that if AD replication is not permitted
   between 6:00 am and 10:00 am DFS Replication will also not replicate. As soon as the
   schedule allows replication, the changed files will be replicated.


                                              19
Microsoft Confidential


Name Resolution


           Active Directory
             Replication


              SYSVOL               Domain Controller
             Replication               Health



          Name Resolution



                      Disaster Recovery




                              20
DNS 101

  Domain Name System
    Provides name resolution service
  Used by
    Client & applications – for locating DC as well as
    ‘services’ provided by DC
    Domain Controllers – for Active Directory Replication
    and File Replication Services




                            21
What needs to be in place for AD to function
properly
   TCP/IP Configurations
   Domain Controllers must be configured with proper IP
   Address and pointing to valid DNS servers
   DNS Records
   Required records must be registered properly on DNS
   servers
   Servers must be functioning properly
   Forwarders/delegation/secondary, etc. must be
   configured properly and valid




                            22
Records Registered by DCs

   Host (A) record
     IP Address of domain controllers
     Registered by DHCP Client
     Registered by DNS Client on Windows 2008
   Service Resource Record (SRV) Records
     Registered by Netlogon service on DC
     Used by clients/services to locate various type of
     services provided by domain controller
   GUID (CNAME) Record
     Required for AD Replication
     Registered only of forest root DNS server
                              23
Checking your DNS

  Verify TCP/IP configurations
    IPConfig
  Verify DNS server functionality
    NSLookup
    DCDiag /test:DNS
    DNS server console
    Event Logs
  Verify GUID and Glue Records
    DNSLint
  Re-register records
    Cycle Netlogon
    Cycle DHCP Client/DNS Client or IPConfig /RegisterDNS
  Capture Network Trace
    Netmon
                                    24
Common Pitfalls

   Administrators not familiar/aware of name resolution
   design
   Invalid(Stale) TCP/IP, forwarders, delegation, etc. settings
   DCs pointing to external (invalid) DNS servers
   Single point of failure configurations
   DNS forwarder loop
   Zone Transfer not secured
   Dynamic update not enabled
   DNS scavenging not enabled
   Multi-homed domain controllers


                               25
DNS Best Practices

   Audit DNS entries used by DC replication with DNS on a
   monthly basis
   Ensure that disconnected NICs are disabled
   Adopt a standardized configuration for domain
   controllers and DNS servers
   Allow zone transfer to specific servers only
   Allow only secured dynamic updates
   Configure DNS Scavenging to remove stale records




                            26
Microsoft Confidential


Major Components of Active Directory


           Active Directory
             Replication


              SYSVOL               Domain Controller
             Replication               Health



           Name Resolution



                      Disaster Recovery




                              27
Domain Controller Health

   Service Pack level
   When was the last time your DC was restarted?
   Event Logs
      How often do you review the logs for errors or
      warnings
   Is Time Synchronization configured properly in the
   environment (W32tm)




                             28
Common Pitfalls

   Potential Failures not detected
     Service Failing
     DC experiencing bottleneck
     System running low on disk space
   No proper management of event logs
   DCs running on outdated service pack
   DCs not patched with security updates
   Time Synchronization improperly configured




                            29
Best Practices

   Run DCDiag on a weekly basis to verify the overall well-
   being of domain controllers
   Review event logs on domain controllers regularly to
   uncover problems in the early stage
   Perform base-lining and regular monitoring of domain
   controllers to uncover any potential resource bottleneck
   Configure only the Forest root domain PDCe as NTP
   type server




                             30
Microsoft Confidential


Major Components of Active Directory


           Active Directory
             Replication


              SYSVOL               Domain Controller
             Replication               Health



           Name Resolution



                      Disaster Recovery




                              31
Disaster Recovery

   Loss of DCs
   Loss of data
   Re-introduction of lingering objects
   Loss of configuration partition data




                             32
Questions?

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Checking the health of your active directory enviornment

  • 1. Checking the Health of your Active Directory Environment Stanley Lopez, Senior Premier Field Engineer February 24, 2012
  • 2. Overview of PFE Premier Field Engineering (PFE) provides technical leadership for Microsoft’s Premier customers around the world to promote health in their IT environments through onsite, remote and dedicated support services. Envision Canada WE UK CEE Project GCR Planning US France Germany Japan Build MEA Latam India APAC Stabilize Deploy Operate
  • 3. Microsoft Driving Operations Excellence Confidential Get Healthy Stay Healthy Assess Plan Stabilize Educate Prevent Optimize Desired Service Level Configuration • Active Management Management Directory, ADRAP Proactive Exchange & Troubleshooti Service Remediation Monitoring Windows Operation ng & Disaster Catalog Management Server Risk Strategic Recovery Design * Dedicated Software Assessment Review Workshop Support Update & Health Capacity Engineer for Management Check Messaging Roles & Management Exchange & • Monthly Program - Service Map Knowledge Windows Hot Fix ADRAP Management Servers Change and Configuration Operations Management RAP Ready for Business & Mission Critical Support 3
  • 4. Is Your AD Healthy? Major Components of Active Directory Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Replication Name Resolution Domain Controller health Why DR is important for AD
  • 5. Microsoft Confidential Major Components of Active Directory Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 5
  • 6. Microsoft Confidential Active Directory Replication Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 6
  • 7. Active Directory Replication 101 Active Directory Replication Synchronizes changes between domain controllers in a multi-master environment Ensures data stored on all domain controllers is consistent Replication Model and Benefits Multi-Master – Scalability, Reliability and High Availability Store and forward – Reduce communication over WAN Links Pull Replication – Request-Pull – Request consist of data already received State-based and Attribute Level Replication – Minimize replication traffic 7
  • 8. Directory Partition Replicas Global Catalogue Active Directory Database Schema Forest-wide Replication NTDS.DIT Configuration Forest DNZ Zone Replication occurs at partition level Domain Domain-wide Replication Domain DNS Zone Domain Y Note: sometimes called as NC (Naming Context) 8
  • 9. Replication Topology ISTG Site A Connection Object Subnets Site Link A-C Cost 100/Interval 180 Bridgehead Server Site Link A-B Cost 100/Interval 15 Bridgehead Server ISTG / ISTG Site C Site B 9
  • 10. Inter-site Replication Topology Connections A one-way, inbound route from one DC, the source to another DC, the destination Site Define sets of DC that are well connected together, in terms of speed and cost A site contains one or more subnets A site can contain more than one domain and one domain can span more than one site Within a site, the replication topology is generated by KCC automatically Site Links Between sites, site link have to be established in order for the KCC (ISTG) to generate the topology across the sites Site link contains the schedule which determines when replication can take place as well as an assigned ‘cost’ Site Link Bridge When more than 2 sites are linked for replication and use the same transport, all of the site link are ‘bridged’ Site link bridge are ‘transitive’ Bridgehead Server Designated server to perform site-to-site replication, for each directory partition Bridgehead servers can be designated by the administrator or automatically assigned by KCC Inter-Site Topology Generator (ISTG) Within a site, KCC will run on each DC to generate the topology for the site Between sites, a DC will be designated as the ISTG to generate the topology for inter-site replication The first DC for the site automatically becomes the ISTG ISTG need not necessary be a bridge head server 10
  • 11. Things to note… KCC vs. Manually created connection objects No automatic fail-over for manually created connection objects Directory partition connection One for Schema and Configuration, one for Domain Global Catalog Replication Connection required for ISTG to create inter-site topology Bridgehead Servers 2000 – One per domain/per site 2003 and above – more than one may be selected Subnets to site mapping Ensure that clients communicate with the ‘closest’ DC 11
  • 12. Checking Replication Repadmin Active Directory Sites and Services Event viewer DCDiag Replmon Active Directory Topology Diagrammer (ADTD) 12
  • 13. AD Replication Best Practices Verify Forest-wide replication status at least once a week and prior to making major changes that rely on directory replication Monitor ISTGs and Bridgehead servers more frequently DO NOT Fix DC that has not been replicating for more than TSL Restore backups more than the TSL Decrease TSL without proper understanding of the impact, unless there is a strong justification for it. Create manual connection objects unnecessarily Assign preferred bridgehead servers without both a compelling reason and thorough understanding of expected results Change default setting without a proper understanding of the implications 13
  • 14. Microsoft Confidential SYSVOL Replication Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 14
  • 15. SYSVOL Replication File Replication Services Distributed File Replication Services 15
  • 16. Checking SYSVOL replication Verify dependent services are functioning Name Resolution AD Replication Review FRS status SONAR Event Logs FRSDiag Review DFRS status DFS Replication has an in-box diagnostic report for the replication backlog, replication efficiency, and the number of files and folders in a given replication group Dfsrdiag.exe is a command-line tool that can generate a backlog count or trigger a propagation test. Both show the state of replication. 16
  • 17. Common pitfalls for FRS Replication/FRS failures undetected Journal Wrap failures FRS service not running Improper decommissioning of domain controllers SYSVOL partition running out of disk space Storing non-group policy files in SYSVOL Configuring inappropriate permissions on SYSVOL folders Manual copying/deleting of files Improper use of D2/D4 Excessive Replication File system policy Anti-Virus Software Defragmenter Sharing Violation Files held open by applications 17
  • 18. FRS best practices Proactively monitor AD and FRS replication Monitor the event logs for FRS regularly for FRS errors, sharing violations and excessive replication Clean up metadata of improperly decommissioned DC Do not stop FRS service for extended period of time Never copy files that live in the SYSVOL between DC, always try to troubleshoot why files aren’t replicating Use D2(Non-Authoritative) and D4(Authoritative) with care Do not configure file system policies on SYSVOL Do not scan or defrag SYSVOL Do not store non-group policy files in SYSVOL 18
  • 19. DFRS Best Practices DFS Replication is a multi-master replication engine, this means that changes can be made on all locations. Do not make changes on one document on two locations at the same time, changes will not merge, the conflict is solved by using the last writer wins. Sharing violations -users open files and gain exclusive WRITE locks in order to modify their data- will prevent DFSR from replicating the modified file. Periodically those changes are written within NTFS by the application and the USN Change Journal is updated. DFSR Monitors that journal and will attempt to replicate the file, only to find that it cannot because the file is still open. An event will be logged if DFSR is repeatedly having troubles replicating open files. In the DFS Replication event log entries for 4302 and 4304 will appear. The option to adjust the replication schedule in DFSR management is greyed out. This is done because SYSVOL replication follows the same replication path and schedule as active directory. If the time window is open DFSR will replicate almost instantly. If the replication is not possible because of the schedule replication will start when the time window opens. This means that if AD replication is not permitted between 6:00 am and 10:00 am DFS Replication will also not replicate. As soon as the schedule allows replication, the changed files will be replicated. 19
  • 20. Microsoft Confidential Name Resolution Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 20
  • 21. DNS 101 Domain Name System Provides name resolution service Used by Client & applications – for locating DC as well as ‘services’ provided by DC Domain Controllers – for Active Directory Replication and File Replication Services 21
  • 22. What needs to be in place for AD to function properly TCP/IP Configurations Domain Controllers must be configured with proper IP Address and pointing to valid DNS servers DNS Records Required records must be registered properly on DNS servers Servers must be functioning properly Forwarders/delegation/secondary, etc. must be configured properly and valid 22
  • 23. Records Registered by DCs Host (A) record IP Address of domain controllers Registered by DHCP Client Registered by DNS Client on Windows 2008 Service Resource Record (SRV) Records Registered by Netlogon service on DC Used by clients/services to locate various type of services provided by domain controller GUID (CNAME) Record Required for AD Replication Registered only of forest root DNS server 23
  • 24. Checking your DNS Verify TCP/IP configurations IPConfig Verify DNS server functionality NSLookup DCDiag /test:DNS DNS server console Event Logs Verify GUID and Glue Records DNSLint Re-register records Cycle Netlogon Cycle DHCP Client/DNS Client or IPConfig /RegisterDNS Capture Network Trace Netmon 24
  • 25. Common Pitfalls Administrators not familiar/aware of name resolution design Invalid(Stale) TCP/IP, forwarders, delegation, etc. settings DCs pointing to external (invalid) DNS servers Single point of failure configurations DNS forwarder loop Zone Transfer not secured Dynamic update not enabled DNS scavenging not enabled Multi-homed domain controllers 25
  • 26. DNS Best Practices Audit DNS entries used by DC replication with DNS on a monthly basis Ensure that disconnected NICs are disabled Adopt a standardized configuration for domain controllers and DNS servers Allow zone transfer to specific servers only Allow only secured dynamic updates Configure DNS Scavenging to remove stale records 26
  • 27. Microsoft Confidential Major Components of Active Directory Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 27
  • 28. Domain Controller Health Service Pack level When was the last time your DC was restarted? Event Logs How often do you review the logs for errors or warnings Is Time Synchronization configured properly in the environment (W32tm) 28
  • 29. Common Pitfalls Potential Failures not detected Service Failing DC experiencing bottleneck System running low on disk space No proper management of event logs DCs running on outdated service pack DCs not patched with security updates Time Synchronization improperly configured 29
  • 30. Best Practices Run DCDiag on a weekly basis to verify the overall well- being of domain controllers Review event logs on domain controllers regularly to uncover problems in the early stage Perform base-lining and regular monitoring of domain controllers to uncover any potential resource bottleneck Configure only the Forest root domain PDCe as NTP type server 30
  • 31. Microsoft Confidential Major Components of Active Directory Active Directory Replication SYSVOL Domain Controller Replication Health Name Resolution Disaster Recovery 31
  • 32. Disaster Recovery Loss of DCs Loss of data Re-introduction of lingering objects Loss of configuration partition data 32