SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 5
Download to read offline
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ‖ June 2013 ‖ PP.27-31
www.ijpsi.org 27 | P a g e
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood Pressure and
Myocardial function in Hypertensive Patients.
Sambhaji Gunjal1
,Neesha Shinde2
,Atharuddin Kazi3
, Subhash khatri4
1
(Postgraduate Student, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS,
India.)
2
(Associate Professor, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.)
3
(Associate Professor, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.)
4
( Principal, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.)
ABSTRACT: Background And Objective-Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease
(CVD), affecting about 1 billion people worldwide,. Physical activity is recommended as prevention, treatment
and control of all stages of hypertension. There are still controversies about the optimal training dose,
frequency, and intensity. Several study shown that aerobic interval training (AIT) improves aerobic fitness. We
aimed to study the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure & myocardial function in hypertensive
patients.
Intervention-Aerobic interval training- Total exercise time is 35 min 3 times per week for 12 weeks.
Outcome measures- Blood pressure, heart rate & Echocardiography
Methods And Results-Study design:- experimental (pre-post) study, study population:- patients with
hypertension, Sample size: 30 patients (12 women).data were analyzed on after 12 weeks of aerobic interval
training with students paired t-test. AIT reduced systolic BP by 12mmhg and diastolic BP was reduced by
8mmhg.the AIT achieved a reduction in HRmean with 4 b/min. In echocardiograph findings were improved the
ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume and total peripheral resistance decreased
by 17% This is a study mainly showing the physiological effects of training in hypertension.
Conclusion- this study indicates that aerobic interval training is effective to reduce blood pressure & heart rate
and improve myocardial function in hypertensive patients.
KEYWORDS: Aerobic Interval Exercise, Blood Pressure, Hypertension, HRMAX, Echocardiography.
I. INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting about 1 billion
people worldwide, Low aerobic fitness is a strong predictor for future CVD and is the top global risk factor for
mortality.[1] Hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure >140/90 mmHg) is a major modifiable risk
factor for cardiovascular disease. Elevated blood pressure levels have been shown to be a risk factor for stroke,
congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and end-stage renal disease.
[2]
Primary (or essential) hypertension is when the cause is unknown. The majority of hypertension cases are
primary. When there is an underlying problem such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders that can cause
hypertension, it is called secondary hypertension. When it is possible to correct the underlying cause, high blood
pressure usually improves and may even return to normal. Other factors that can contribute to hypertension
include: age (blood pressure usually increases with age), diet , excessive alcohol consumption, lack of exercise,
obesity, sleep apnea, stress.
[3]
Low aerobic fitness is a strong predictor for future CVD and all-cause mortality in patients, including
those with hypertension. [4] The recent Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure, recommended that optimal blood pressure levels should be less than 120/80
mmHg, for resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. Non-pharmacological intervention in the
form of regular aerobic exercise has been recommended for the prevention of high blood pressure as well as the
lowering of blood pressure among those individuals, with elevated level1. Physical inactivity is associated with
increased risk of development of both hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD). [5,6,7] Physical activity
is recommended as prevention, treatment and control of all stages of hypertension. Regular exercise is a well-
established intervention for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, including hypertension .
[8]
Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have shown to reduce the risk of hypertension in
healthy normotensive persons. [9,10] Moreover, exercise can reduce BP in hypertensive adults [11] , and has
shown to improve several factors involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension [12,14] Continuous exercise
training is the type of physical activity most frequently recommended to hypertensive subjects.However, some
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood…
www.ijpsi.org 28 | P a g e
studies have shown that interval exercise training may have greater effects on exercise capacity in healthy
subjects and those with cardiovascular disorders. Interval training promotes greater gradients of shear stress
because patients fluctuate between high and low intensities[14,15,16]
Aerobic Interval training is a type of discontinuous physical training that involves a series of low- to
high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest or relief periods. . This does not allow for full recovery
and thus maintains stress on the aerobic system. the high-intensity periods are typically at or close to anaerobic
exercise, while the recovery periods may involve either complete rest or activity of lower intensity. Interval
training is a favorite of coaches because of its effectiveness in cardiovascular build-up.[17] AIT, which some
experts also call fitness interval training, focuses on working harder during your intervals, but not going all out,
as you do with anaerobic training. AIT involves alternating moderate to high intensity exercise (e.g., running
briskly) with a recovery period (e.g., walking).[18] The idea is to work harder during work intervals while
keeping the intensity below 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. Interval training is built upon alternating
short, high intensity bursts of speed with slower, recovery phases throughout a single workout.[18,19] Interval
training works both the aerobic and the anaerobic system. During the high intensity efforts, the anaerobic system
uses the energy stored in the muscles (glycogen) for short bursts of activity. Interval training adheres to
the principle of adaptation. Interval training leads to many physiological changes including an increase in
cardiovascular efficiency (the ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles) as well as increased tolerance to
the build-up of lactic acid. These changes result in improved performance, greater speed, and endurance.[20]
The aim of this study was to determine the Effect Of Aerobic Interval Training On Blood Pressure And
Myocardial Function In Hypertensive Patients.
II. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We studied 30 subjects (18 male, 12 female) with essential hypertension.Study Design was
experimental
Pre -post study.Study was conducted at Dept. of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy, Pravara rural
hospital, Loni, India.Inclusion Criteria were; Both male and female, Age < 65 Years, &Essential Hypertension-
Stage 1-2,
As Systolic BP 140-179mmhg & Diastolic BP 90-109. We excluded subjects with diagnosed Patient
with secondary hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy , Recent myocardial infarction., Three or more risk
factors of CVD, Patients using more than one antihypertensive drug.Measurement done at the end of this period
were used as baseline. all the measurements used in the analysis were done before and after the training period.
The study protocol was approved by the regional committee for medical ethical research of the PIMS university
and All patients provided informed consent before participation.All subjects performed theAerobic Interval
Training, consisting of 10 minutes warm up at 50% of HR max ,3×4 minute intervals at 80 to 85 % of HR max
walking / running on a treadmill, with 4 min of active pause between the exercise bouts at 60 to 70% HRmax.
Exercise intensity was calculated with theKarvonen’s formula. The Session was terminated with 5 minutes cool
down. Total exercise time is 35 minutes.Exercise was given at laboratory 3 times per week for 12 weeks.
III. OUTCOME MEASURES
Blood Pressure & Heart Rate-
Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and heart rate was monitored with pulse Oxymeter.
The values used for statistical analyses are average systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean heart rate .
Echocardiography-
All subjects had an echocardiogram and were examined at rest by an experienced cardiologist. Using vivid 7
scanner with M3S probe. B mode images were recorded with a frame rate of 54 frames per second. Left
ventricular volume (LV) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated from apical four and two chamber recordings
by modified biplane Sampson’s method. The stroke volume was measured by Doppler flow measurement in the
left ventricular outflow tract and LVOT diameter. Cardiac output was calculated automatically by the
echocardiographic scanner and multiplies stroke volume and HR during the echocardiographic examination.
Total Peripheral Resistance-
It was calculated by mean arterial pressure devided by cardiac output and multiplied by 80.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS& RESULTS
Data were analyzed on after 12 weeks of aerobic interval training and presented as mean (SD) wereanalysed
with students paired T-test.
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood…
www.ijpsi.org 29 | P a g e
In Blood Pressure And Heart Rate
The results of blood pressure and heart rate are illustrated in table no.2 and numbered in figure no.2.
The AIT reduced systolic BP by 12mmhg ( p<0.001) and Diastolic BP was reduced by 8mmhg.The AIT
achieved a reduction in HRmean with 4 b/min( p<0.01)
EF, ejection fraction; EDV, end diastolic volume; SV, stroke volume; CO, cardiac output; HR, heart rate; TPR,
total peripheral resistance.
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood…
www.ijpsi.org 30 | P a g e
Echocardiograph findings-
Results of echocardiographic findings illustrated in table no.3 & in figure no.2. AIT improved the
ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume( 12%, p= 0.01)
Total Peripheral Resistance decreased by 17% ( p=0.03) after aerobic interval training.
V. DISCUSSION
This study evaluates the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure and myocardial function in
hypertensive patients. And showing significant reductionin blood pressure, improvement in cardiac function,
aerobic capacity and reduction of mean heart rate.
Blood pressure and heart rate
Several studies have found the anti-hypertensive effect of endurance training to be in the region of 3-
10.5 for systolic and 2-7.6 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure respectively.[13,21] Another meta-analysis, which
included ambulatoryblood pressure measurements, demonstrated that aerobic exercisedecreases systolic/diastolic
blood pressure by 4.5/2.4mmHg during the daytime and 1.7/0.7mmHg during the nighttime. Our study
isagreement with these results; blood pressure in our subjectsdecreased during the daytime, mainly in those with
higher bloodpressure values.[13,16,21] The mechanism of blood pressure lowering effect of exercise are
complex and not fully understood . HR recovery after exercise test has showed to be mediated by the vagal
reactivation following the termination of the sympathetically activated state of exercise the observation of our
study of reduced HR after exercise is in accordance with the other studies suggesting an increased vagal tone and
reduced sympathetic drive[22] In this small study changes were highly significant after aerobic interval training.
Echocardiographic findings
AIT improvedboth the systolic and diastolic function significantly. The positive effect of high intensity
exercise on myocardial function in other CVD has been well documented in previous studies.[23] our study
demonstrated an increase in stroke volume, end diastolic volume and ejection fraction significantly. Diastolic
dysfunction is a common finding in hypertension, but our population was within thenormal range when indexed
for age[24].
VI. LIMITATIONS
The study relatively small and comes only from an intervention of 12 weeks.thisis mainly a study of
the physiological effect of training in hypertension.
In this study we did not measure the physical activity outside the body, and we did not make any
dietary registration. The number of patients in this study are too small to estimate the issue of safety.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this study series of moderate to high intensity on the form of 3-weekly bouts of interval training for 12
weeks reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and improved cardiac function.From thisstudy It was
concluded that Aerobic interval training is effective to reduce blood pressure & heart rate and improves
myocardial function in hypertensive patients.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank, all the participants who have participated in this study. A great respect
to my parents for being supportive and patient. Also thanks and a big hug to Dr. Aashirwad Mahajan ,Komal
Thorat , Shalu Bhardwaj & Priti Rajak for being their during the study and giving constant feedback which
helped refine the study. Lastly, I thank the management and staff of Pravara institute of medical sciences (Loni)
for their cooperation and support.
REFERENCES
[1]. Kaerney Pm, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P,: Global Burden Of Hypertension Analysis Of Worldwide Data.Lancet 2005:
365:217-223
[2]. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood
[3]. Pressure.The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and treatment of H igh Blood
Pressure Arch. Intern.Med..1997; 157: 2413-46.
[4]. web site .http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=165 accessed on feb.13. 2013.
[5]. boman k, gerdts e, wachtell k, dohlof b, nieminenms, olefsson m et al. exercise and cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive
patients in relation to structure and function of left ventricular hypertrophy 2009; 16(2):242-248
[6]. Paffenbarger RS. H vde RI. Wing AL. et al. Physical activity, all cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N. Engl. J
Med., 1986;314: 605-13.
[7]. The American college of sports medicine: Resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Baltimore,
Williams and Wilkins edition. 1993
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood…
www.ijpsi.org 31 | P a g e
[8]. Petrie JC, O’Brient ET. Little WA.et al. l3ritish hypertension society recommendations on blood pressure measurements. Br.
Med. i., 1986; 293: 611-5
[9]. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand: exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exercise 2004;36:533–553.
[10]. Hayashi T, Tsumura K, Suematsu C, Okada K, Fujii S, Endo G. Walking to work and the risk for hypertension in men: the Osaka
Health Survey. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:21–26.
[11]. Chase NL, Sui X, Lee D, Blair S. The association of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with incidence of hypertension
in men.Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:417–424.
[12]. Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV, D’Ávila VM, Bortolotto LA, Doria EL, Bocchi EA. Acute effects of continuous or interval aerobic
exercise on 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure of long-term treated hypertensive. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:381–387.
[13]. Guimarães GV, Ciolac EG, Carvalho VO, D’Ávila VM, Bortolotto LA, Bocchi EA. Effects of continuous vs. interval exercise
training on bloodpressure and arterial stiffness in treated hypertension. Hypert Res. 2010;33:627–632.
[14]. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and
cardiovascular riskfactors.Hypertension. 2005;46:667–675.
[15]. Tjønna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo Ø, Stølen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY , Skogvoll E, Slørdahl SA, Kemi
OJ, NajjarSM,Wisløff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic
syndrome. A pilot study.Circulation. 2008;118:346–354
[16]. Fox EI, Bartels RL, Billings CE, O’Brien R, Basan R, Mathews DK. Frequency and duration of interval training programs and
changes in aerobic power. J ApplPhysiol 1975; 38: 481–484.
[17]. Wenger HA, McNab RBI. Endurance training: the effects of intensity, total work, duration and initial fitness. J Sports Med 1975;
15: 199–203.
[18]. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Bortolotto LA, Carvalho VO, Greve JMD, Guimarães GV. Effects of high-intensity aerobic interval
training vs. moderate exercise on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuro-humoral abnormalities of young normotensive women at
high familial risk for hypertension.Hypert Res. 2010;33:836–843
[19]. Web Site http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training. accessed on feb.13. 2013. 10am
[20]. Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, Tjønna AE, Helgerud J, Slørdahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm
V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Skjærpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus
moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115:3086–3094.
[21]. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Greve JMD, Guimarães GV, editors. The post-effects of high-intensity aerobic interval vs. moderate
continuous exercise on ambulatory blood pressure of young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension.Book of
Abstracts; 7th EFSMA European Congress of Sports Medicine, 3rd Central European Congress of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation; 2011; Salzburg. Düsseldorf: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2011. p. 114.
[22]. ]whelton SP, chin A Xin X and He J. effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trails. Ann intern med 2002; 136(7); 493-503
[23]. Collier SR, Kanaley JA, CarhartJr et al. Cardiac autonomic function and baroreflex changes following 4 week of resistance versus
aerobic interval training in individuals with pre-hypertension 2009;195(3).
[24]. Amundsen BH, Ragnmo O et al high intrnsity aerobic exercise improvesdiastolic function in CVD; 2008; 42(2)
[25]. Motrrom PM, Marwick TH. Assessment of diastolic function; what the general cardiologist need to know;2005;91;681-695.

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplantation
Cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplantationCardiac rehabilitation in heart transplantation
Cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplantation
 
Seminar presentation 6
Seminar presentation 6Seminar presentation 6
Seminar presentation 6
 
Hip2
Hip2Hip2
Hip2
 
Cardiac Rehabilitation: Presentation
Cardiac Rehabilitation: PresentationCardiac Rehabilitation: Presentation
Cardiac Rehabilitation: Presentation
 
Cet
CetCet
Cet
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation
 
cardiac rehab
cardiac rehabcardiac rehab
cardiac rehab
 
Tmt Seminary
Tmt SeminaryTmt Seminary
Tmt Seminary
 
Exercise testing
Exercise testingExercise testing
Exercise testing
 
Use Of Ventilator Hyperinflation In ICU
Use Of Ventilator Hyperinflation In ICUUse Of Ventilator Hyperinflation In ICU
Use Of Ventilator Hyperinflation In ICU
 
A comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunction
A comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunctionA comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunction
A comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunction
 
Exercise testing basic knowledge
Exercise testing basic knowledgeExercise testing basic knowledge
Exercise testing basic knowledge
 
Cardiac Rehabilitation by Dr Hamdulay
Cardiac Rehabilitation by Dr HamdulayCardiac Rehabilitation by Dr Hamdulay
Cardiac Rehabilitation by Dr Hamdulay
 
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation
 
Stress test / Treadmill test
Stress test / Treadmill testStress test / Treadmill test
Stress test / Treadmill test
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation
 
Effect of Post-MI Exercise-Final Draft
Effect of Post-MI Exercise-Final DraftEffect of Post-MI Exercise-Final Draft
Effect of Post-MI Exercise-Final Draft
 
Cardiac rehabitalization ppt
Cardiac rehabitalization pptCardiac rehabitalization ppt
Cardiac rehabitalization ppt
 
Value of tmt
Value of tmtValue of tmt
Value of tmt
 

Viewers also liked

Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...IOSR Journals
 
What's Next in Growth? 2016
What's Next in Growth? 2016What's Next in Growth? 2016
What's Next in Growth? 2016Andrew Chen
 
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post Formats
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsThe Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post Formats
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
 
The Outcome Economy
The Outcome EconomyThe Outcome Economy
The Outcome EconomyHelge Tennø
 
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
 

Viewers also liked (6)

E learning
E learning E learning
E learning
 
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...
 
What's Next in Growth? 2016
What's Next in Growth? 2016What's Next in Growth? 2016
What's Next in Growth? 2016
 
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post Formats
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsThe Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post Formats
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post Formats
 
The Outcome Economy
The Outcome EconomyThe Outcome Economy
The Outcome Economy
 
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your Business
 

Similar to International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)

Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...
Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...
Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...ssuser4701fb
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationmrinal joshi
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationRavin Narwal
 
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdf
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdfExercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdf
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdfShilpasree Saha
 
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult Male
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult MaleA Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult Male
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult MaleIOSR Journals
 
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...dgrinnell
 
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptx
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptxSPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptx
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptxdaughter awala
 
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
 
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar Arun Vasireddy
 
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...Pavlos Dimitropoulos
 
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptx
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptxPulmonary Rehabilitation.pptx
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptxMuskan Rastogi
 
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
 
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...iosrjce
 
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?Yeong Yeh Lee
 

Similar to International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) (20)

Ijpr.2016.129
Ijpr.2016.129Ijpr.2016.129
Ijpr.2016.129
 
Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...
Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...
Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation The Importance of Exercise Inte...
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation
 
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitationCardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation
 
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdf
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdfExercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdf
Exercise Prescription For Hypertensive Population.pdf
 
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult Male
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult MaleA Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult Male
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult Male
 
Tmt Seminary
Tmt SeminaryTmt Seminary
Tmt Seminary
 
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
 
CARDIO docx
CARDIO docxCARDIO docx
CARDIO docx
 
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptx
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptxSPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptx
SPORTS MEDICINE SEMINAR PRESENTATION NDUTH RESIDENCY.pptx
 
Effect of Sports on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability: An Interventio...
Effect of Sports on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability: An Interventio...Effect of Sports on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability: An Interventio...
Effect of Sports on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability: An Interventio...
 
F044024027
F044024027F044024027
F044024027
 
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
 
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar
Cardiac Stress Testing Seminar
 
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...
The Effects of Resistance Training Alone and Resistance Training with Aerobic...
 
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptx
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptxPulmonary Rehabilitation.pptx
Pulmonary Rehabilitation.pptx
 
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...
 
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular systemEffect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
 
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...
 
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?
Coronary Heart Disease and Exercise: What's the evidence?
 

Recently uploaded

introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyZurück zum Ursprung
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfPregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxWorld-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxsumanchaulagain3
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...Ganesan Yogananthem
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
concept of total quality management (TQM).
concept of total quality management (TQM).concept of total quality management (TQM).
concept of total quality management (TQM).kishan singh tomar
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...Sujoy Dasgupta
 

Recently uploaded (20)

introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfPregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxWorld-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE, RADIATIONBIOLOGY& RADIATION HAZARD...
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
concept of total quality management (TQM).
concept of total quality management (TQM).concept of total quality management (TQM).
concept of total quality management (TQM).
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
 

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)

  • 1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X www.ijpsi.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ‖ June 2013 ‖ PP.27-31 www.ijpsi.org 27 | P a g e Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood Pressure and Myocardial function in Hypertensive Patients. Sambhaji Gunjal1 ,Neesha Shinde2 ,Atharuddin Kazi3 , Subhash khatri4 1 (Postgraduate Student, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.) 2 (Associate Professor, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.) 3 (Associate Professor, Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.) 4 ( Principal, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, India.) ABSTRACT: Background And Objective-Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting about 1 billion people worldwide,. Physical activity is recommended as prevention, treatment and control of all stages of hypertension. There are still controversies about the optimal training dose, frequency, and intensity. Several study shown that aerobic interval training (AIT) improves aerobic fitness. We aimed to study the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure & myocardial function in hypertensive patients. Intervention-Aerobic interval training- Total exercise time is 35 min 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Outcome measures- Blood pressure, heart rate & Echocardiography Methods And Results-Study design:- experimental (pre-post) study, study population:- patients with hypertension, Sample size: 30 patients (12 women).data were analyzed on after 12 weeks of aerobic interval training with students paired t-test. AIT reduced systolic BP by 12mmhg and diastolic BP was reduced by 8mmhg.the AIT achieved a reduction in HRmean with 4 b/min. In echocardiograph findings were improved the ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume and total peripheral resistance decreased by 17% This is a study mainly showing the physiological effects of training in hypertension. Conclusion- this study indicates that aerobic interval training is effective to reduce blood pressure & heart rate and improve myocardial function in hypertensive patients. KEYWORDS: Aerobic Interval Exercise, Blood Pressure, Hypertension, HRMAX, Echocardiography. I. INTRODUCTION Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting about 1 billion people worldwide, Low aerobic fitness is a strong predictor for future CVD and is the top global risk factor for mortality.[1] Hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure >140/90 mmHg) is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Elevated blood pressure levels have been shown to be a risk factor for stroke, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and end-stage renal disease. [2] Primary (or essential) hypertension is when the cause is unknown. The majority of hypertension cases are primary. When there is an underlying problem such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders that can cause hypertension, it is called secondary hypertension. When it is possible to correct the underlying cause, high blood pressure usually improves and may even return to normal. Other factors that can contribute to hypertension include: age (blood pressure usually increases with age), diet , excessive alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, obesity, sleep apnea, stress. [3] Low aerobic fitness is a strong predictor for future CVD and all-cause mortality in patients, including those with hypertension. [4] The recent Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, recommended that optimal blood pressure levels should be less than 120/80 mmHg, for resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. Non-pharmacological intervention in the form of regular aerobic exercise has been recommended for the prevention of high blood pressure as well as the lowering of blood pressure among those individuals, with elevated level1. Physical inactivity is associated with increased risk of development of both hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD). [5,6,7] Physical activity is recommended as prevention, treatment and control of all stages of hypertension. Regular exercise is a well- established intervention for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, including hypertension . [8] Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have shown to reduce the risk of hypertension in healthy normotensive persons. [9,10] Moreover, exercise can reduce BP in hypertensive adults [11] , and has shown to improve several factors involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension [12,14] Continuous exercise training is the type of physical activity most frequently recommended to hypertensive subjects.However, some
  • 2. Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood… www.ijpsi.org 28 | P a g e studies have shown that interval exercise training may have greater effects on exercise capacity in healthy subjects and those with cardiovascular disorders. Interval training promotes greater gradients of shear stress because patients fluctuate between high and low intensities[14,15,16] Aerobic Interval training is a type of discontinuous physical training that involves a series of low- to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest or relief periods. . This does not allow for full recovery and thus maintains stress on the aerobic system. the high-intensity periods are typically at or close to anaerobic exercise, while the recovery periods may involve either complete rest or activity of lower intensity. Interval training is a favorite of coaches because of its effectiveness in cardiovascular build-up.[17] AIT, which some experts also call fitness interval training, focuses on working harder during your intervals, but not going all out, as you do with anaerobic training. AIT involves alternating moderate to high intensity exercise (e.g., running briskly) with a recovery period (e.g., walking).[18] The idea is to work harder during work intervals while keeping the intensity below 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. Interval training is built upon alternating short, high intensity bursts of speed with slower, recovery phases throughout a single workout.[18,19] Interval training works both the aerobic and the anaerobic system. During the high intensity efforts, the anaerobic system uses the energy stored in the muscles (glycogen) for short bursts of activity. Interval training adheres to the principle of adaptation. Interval training leads to many physiological changes including an increase in cardiovascular efficiency (the ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles) as well as increased tolerance to the build-up of lactic acid. These changes result in improved performance, greater speed, and endurance.[20] The aim of this study was to determine the Effect Of Aerobic Interval Training On Blood Pressure And Myocardial Function In Hypertensive Patients. II. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 30 subjects (18 male, 12 female) with essential hypertension.Study Design was experimental Pre -post study.Study was conducted at Dept. of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy, Pravara rural hospital, Loni, India.Inclusion Criteria were; Both male and female, Age < 65 Years, &Essential Hypertension- Stage 1-2, As Systolic BP 140-179mmhg & Diastolic BP 90-109. We excluded subjects with diagnosed Patient with secondary hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy , Recent myocardial infarction., Three or more risk factors of CVD, Patients using more than one antihypertensive drug.Measurement done at the end of this period were used as baseline. all the measurements used in the analysis were done before and after the training period. The study protocol was approved by the regional committee for medical ethical research of the PIMS university and All patients provided informed consent before participation.All subjects performed theAerobic Interval Training, consisting of 10 minutes warm up at 50% of HR max ,3×4 minute intervals at 80 to 85 % of HR max walking / running on a treadmill, with 4 min of active pause between the exercise bouts at 60 to 70% HRmax. Exercise intensity was calculated with theKarvonen’s formula. The Session was terminated with 5 minutes cool down. Total exercise time is 35 minutes.Exercise was given at laboratory 3 times per week for 12 weeks. III. OUTCOME MEASURES Blood Pressure & Heart Rate- Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and heart rate was monitored with pulse Oxymeter. The values used for statistical analyses are average systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean heart rate . Echocardiography- All subjects had an echocardiogram and were examined at rest by an experienced cardiologist. Using vivid 7 scanner with M3S probe. B mode images were recorded with a frame rate of 54 frames per second. Left ventricular volume (LV) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated from apical four and two chamber recordings by modified biplane Sampson’s method. The stroke volume was measured by Doppler flow measurement in the left ventricular outflow tract and LVOT diameter. Cardiac output was calculated automatically by the echocardiographic scanner and multiplies stroke volume and HR during the echocardiographic examination. Total Peripheral Resistance- It was calculated by mean arterial pressure devided by cardiac output and multiplied by 80. IV. DATA ANALYSIS& RESULTS Data were analyzed on after 12 weeks of aerobic interval training and presented as mean (SD) wereanalysed with students paired T-test.
  • 3. Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood… www.ijpsi.org 29 | P a g e In Blood Pressure And Heart Rate The results of blood pressure and heart rate are illustrated in table no.2 and numbered in figure no.2. The AIT reduced systolic BP by 12mmhg ( p<0.001) and Diastolic BP was reduced by 8mmhg.The AIT achieved a reduction in HRmean with 4 b/min( p<0.01) EF, ejection fraction; EDV, end diastolic volume; SV, stroke volume; CO, cardiac output; HR, heart rate; TPR, total peripheral resistance.
  • 4. Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood… www.ijpsi.org 30 | P a g e Echocardiograph findings- Results of echocardiographic findings illustrated in table no.3 & in figure no.2. AIT improved the ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume( 12%, p= 0.01) Total Peripheral Resistance decreased by 17% ( p=0.03) after aerobic interval training. V. DISCUSSION This study evaluates the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure and myocardial function in hypertensive patients. And showing significant reductionin blood pressure, improvement in cardiac function, aerobic capacity and reduction of mean heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate Several studies have found the anti-hypertensive effect of endurance training to be in the region of 3- 10.5 for systolic and 2-7.6 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure respectively.[13,21] Another meta-analysis, which included ambulatoryblood pressure measurements, demonstrated that aerobic exercisedecreases systolic/diastolic blood pressure by 4.5/2.4mmHg during the daytime and 1.7/0.7mmHg during the nighttime. Our study isagreement with these results; blood pressure in our subjectsdecreased during the daytime, mainly in those with higher bloodpressure values.[13,16,21] The mechanism of blood pressure lowering effect of exercise are complex and not fully understood . HR recovery after exercise test has showed to be mediated by the vagal reactivation following the termination of the sympathetically activated state of exercise the observation of our study of reduced HR after exercise is in accordance with the other studies suggesting an increased vagal tone and reduced sympathetic drive[22] In this small study changes were highly significant after aerobic interval training. Echocardiographic findings AIT improvedboth the systolic and diastolic function significantly. The positive effect of high intensity exercise on myocardial function in other CVD has been well documented in previous studies.[23] our study demonstrated an increase in stroke volume, end diastolic volume and ejection fraction significantly. Diastolic dysfunction is a common finding in hypertension, but our population was within thenormal range when indexed for age[24]. VI. LIMITATIONS The study relatively small and comes only from an intervention of 12 weeks.thisis mainly a study of the physiological effect of training in hypertension. In this study we did not measure the physical activity outside the body, and we did not make any dietary registration. The number of patients in this study are too small to estimate the issue of safety. VII. CONCLUSION In this study series of moderate to high intensity on the form of 3-weekly bouts of interval training for 12 weeks reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and improved cardiac function.From thisstudy It was concluded that Aerobic interval training is effective to reduce blood pressure & heart rate and improves myocardial function in hypertensive patients. VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank, all the participants who have participated in this study. A great respect to my parents for being supportive and patient. Also thanks and a big hug to Dr. Aashirwad Mahajan ,Komal Thorat , Shalu Bhardwaj & Priti Rajak for being their during the study and giving constant feedback which helped refine the study. Lastly, I thank the management and staff of Pravara institute of medical sciences (Loni) for their cooperation and support. REFERENCES [1]. Kaerney Pm, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P,: Global Burden Of Hypertension Analysis Of Worldwide Data.Lancet 2005: 365:217-223 [2]. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood [3]. Pressure.The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and treatment of H igh Blood Pressure Arch. Intern.Med..1997; 157: 2413-46. [4]. web site .http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=165 accessed on feb.13. 2013. [5]. boman k, gerdts e, wachtell k, dohlof b, nieminenms, olefsson m et al. exercise and cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients in relation to structure and function of left ventricular hypertrophy 2009; 16(2):242-248 [6]. Paffenbarger RS. H vde RI. Wing AL. et al. Physical activity, all cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N. Engl. J Med., 1986;314: 605-13. [7]. The American college of sports medicine: Resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins edition. 1993
  • 5. Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Blood… www.ijpsi.org 31 | P a g e [8]. Petrie JC, O’Brient ET. Little WA.et al. l3ritish hypertension society recommendations on blood pressure measurements. Br. Med. i., 1986; 293: 611-5 [9]. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand: exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exercise 2004;36:533–553. [10]. Hayashi T, Tsumura K, Suematsu C, Okada K, Fujii S, Endo G. Walking to work and the risk for hypertension in men: the Osaka Health Survey. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:21–26. [11]. Chase NL, Sui X, Lee D, Blair S. The association of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with incidence of hypertension in men.Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:417–424. [12]. Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV, D’Ávila VM, Bortolotto LA, Doria EL, Bocchi EA. Acute effects of continuous or interval aerobic exercise on 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure of long-term treated hypertensive. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:381–387. [13]. Guimarães GV, Ciolac EG, Carvalho VO, D’Ávila VM, Bortolotto LA, Bocchi EA. Effects of continuous vs. interval exercise training on bloodpressure and arterial stiffness in treated hypertension. Hypert Res. 2010;33:627–632. [14]. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular riskfactors.Hypertension. 2005;46:667–675. [15]. Tjønna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo Ø, Stølen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY , Skogvoll E, Slørdahl SA, Kemi OJ, NajjarSM,Wisløff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome. A pilot study.Circulation. 2008;118:346–354 [16]. Fox EI, Bartels RL, Billings CE, O’Brien R, Basan R, Mathews DK. Frequency and duration of interval training programs and changes in aerobic power. J ApplPhysiol 1975; 38: 481–484. [17]. Wenger HA, McNab RBI. Endurance training: the effects of intensity, total work, duration and initial fitness. J Sports Med 1975; 15: 199–203. [18]. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Bortolotto LA, Carvalho VO, Greve JMD, Guimarães GV. Effects of high-intensity aerobic interval training vs. moderate exercise on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuro-humoral abnormalities of young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension.Hypert Res. 2010;33:836–843 [19]. Web Site http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training. accessed on feb.13. 2013. 10am [20]. Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, Tjønna AE, Helgerud J, Slørdahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Skjærpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115:3086–3094. [21]. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Greve JMD, Guimarães GV, editors. The post-effects of high-intensity aerobic interval vs. moderate continuous exercise on ambulatory blood pressure of young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension.Book of Abstracts; 7th EFSMA European Congress of Sports Medicine, 3rd Central European Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; 2011; Salzburg. Düsseldorf: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2011. p. 114. [22]. ]whelton SP, chin A Xin X and He J. effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. Ann intern med 2002; 136(7); 493-503 [23]. Collier SR, Kanaley JA, CarhartJr et al. Cardiac autonomic function and baroreflex changes following 4 week of resistance versus aerobic interval training in individuals with pre-hypertension 2009;195(3). [24]. Amundsen BH, Ragnmo O et al high intrnsity aerobic exercise improvesdiastolic function in CVD; 2008; 42(2) [25]. Motrrom PM, Marwick TH. Assessment of diastolic function; what the general cardiologist need to know;2005;91;681-695.