2. Definition
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people
are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
A thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor
implant, a farm animal with a bio-chip transponder, an automobile that has built-
in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or
man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the
ability to transfer data over a network.
5. Sensor Layer
Lowest Abstraction Layer
Incorporated to measure physical quantities
Interconnects the physical and digital world
Collects and process the real time information
6. Gateway and Network Layer
Robust and High performance network
infrastructure
Supports the communication requirements
for latency, bandwidth or security
Allows multiple organizations to share and
use the same network independently
7. Management Service Layer
Capturing of periodic sensory data
Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information
from massive amount of raw data)
Streaming Analytics ( Process real time data)
Ensures security and privacy of data.
8. Application Layer
Provides a user interface for using IoT.
Different applications for various sectors
like Transportation, Healthcare, Agriculture,
Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.
9. Major Challenges
Big Data Explosion
Countless components
Security & Privacy
Advanced Internet Protocol
Power efficiency
11. IOT- Enabling Technologies
RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
To identify
and track
the data of
things
To collect
and process
the data to
detect the
changes in
the physical
status of
things
To enhance
the power of
the network by
devolving
processing
capabilities to
different part
of the network.
To make the
smaller and
smaller
things have
the ability to
connect and
interact.
13. Scenario: Shopping
(2) When shopping in the market, the
goods will introduce themselves.
(1) When entering the doors, scanners
will identify the tags on her clothing.
(4) When paying for the goods, the
microchip of the credit card will
communicate with checkout reader.
(3) When moving the goods, the reader
will tell the staff to put a new one.
24. What is Socket?
Sockets are communication points on the same or different
computers to exchange data. Sockets are supported by Unix,
Windows, Mac, and many other operating system.
Sockets allow communication between two different processes
on the same or different machines. To be more precise, it's a
way to talk to other computers using standard Unix file
descriptors.
25. What is Socket Address?
Socket address is a combination of IP address and Port number
26. What is Port?
• One of the circuit connection points on a front end processor or local
intelligent controller
Dest.
Host
P
o
r
t
SRC
Host
TCP
27. What is Port?
At the transport layer, an address is needed to choose among multiple
processes running on the destination host called Port Number
Destination Port Number for delivery
Source Port Number for reply
TCP or UDP
Port Port Port Port
Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4
Port# Data
Data
Packet
28. Port Number
Port is represented by a positive (16-bit ) integer value between 0 and
65,535
Some ports have been reserved to support common / well known services
ftp 21/tcp
telnet 23/tcp
smtp 25/tcp
login 513/tcp
User level process/services generally use port number value >= 1024
29. Socket Types
1) Stream Sockets:
Delivery in a networked environment is guaranteed. If you
send through the stream socket three items "A, B, C", they
will arrive in the same order - "A, B, C".
These sockets use TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for
data transmission.
If delivery is impossible, the sender receives an error
indicator.
30. Socket Types
Datagram Sockets:
Delivery in a networked environment is not guaranteed.
They're connectionless because you don't need to have an
open connection as in Stream Sockets - you build a packet
with the destination information and send it out.
They use UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
31. Server and Client Programming Concept
- Server
Create a socket with socket ()
Bind the socket to an address using the bind()
Listen for connections with the listen()
Accept a connection with the accept()
Send and Receive, use read() and write() system calls
- Client
Create a socket with the socket()
Connect socket to the address of server using connect()
system call
Send and receive data, use read() and write() system calls
34. What is Machine to Machine
(M2M) Communication?
The Machine to Machine
concept(communications inter-
machines) implies the association of
information and communication
technologies (ICT), smart and
communicating objects, as well as
specialized software to interact, with
the enterprise’s information system,
without human intervention.
35. What is cloud computing?
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to
store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal
computer.
Clouds can be classified as public, private, and hybrid
40. Bluetooth :
wireless technology standard for
exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from
2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices,
and building personal area networks (PANs).
Bluetooth Technologies in IOT
Bluetooth LE | Bluetooth Smart (IEEE
802.15.4)
41. Bluetooth Smart/ Bluetooth LE :
Bluetooth Smart is an application-friendly technology supported by every major
operating system.
The technology costs less and offers flexible development architecture for
creating applications to bring everyday objects like heart-rate monitors,
toothbrushes, and shoes into the connected world and have them communicate
with applications that reside on the Bluetooth Smart compatible smartphones,
tablets, or similar devices those consumers already own.
42. Zigbee :
ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-
of-sight,
ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through
a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones.
ZigBee is typically used in low data rate applications that require long battery life
and secure networking
ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data
transmissions from a sensor or input device.
43. Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections.
44. Wi-max
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is
a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-
second data rates.
45. SATCOM
Satcom (which stands for "satellite communication") is an artificial satellite that is
used to help telecommunication by reflecting or relaying signals into space and
back down to Earth.
It is the most powerful form of radio and can cover far more distance and wider
areas than other radios.
It can also communicate with words, pictures and other forms of information.
46. RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic
fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking
tags attached to objects.
48. GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot.
It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.
49. GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the
2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile
communications (GSM)
50. GPS- Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system
that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on
or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites
51. GROUPING OF STATIONS / CELLULAR
NETWORK :
A cellular network or mobile network is
a wireless network distributed over land areas
called cells, each served by at least one fixed-
location transceiver, known as a cell
site or base station.
In a cellular network, each cell uses a different
set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to
avoid interference and provide guaranteed
bandwidth within each cell.