The study of energy in living systems (environments) and the organisms (plants and animals) that utilize them

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BIOENERGETICSBIOENERGETICS
Muhammad Iqbal Khan
SS Biology
Email ID: mikhan1313@yahoo.com
Contact # 0923135448175

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What is Bioenergetics?
The study of
energyenergy in livingliving
systemssystems
(environments)
and the
organismsorganisms
(plants and
animals) that
utilize them
Muhammad Iqbal Khan SS Biology

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Energy
 Required by
all organisms
 May be
Kinetic or
Potential
energy
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Kinetic Energy
 Energy of
Motion
 Heat and
light energy
are
examples
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Potential Energy
 EnergyEnergy ofof
positionposition
 IncludesIncludes
energyenergy
stored instored in
chemicalchemical
bondsbonds
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Two Types of
Energy Reactions
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Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactionChemical reaction that
requires a net input of
energyenergy.
 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUN
photonsphotons
Light
Energy
(glucose)(glucose)
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Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactionsChemical reactions that
releases energyreleases energy
 Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP
(glucose)(glucose)
EnergyEnergy
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Metabolic Reactions
of Cells
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What is Metabolism?
 The sum totalsum total
of the
chemicalchemical
activitiesactivities of
all cellscells.
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Two Types of Metabolism
 AnabolicAnabolic
PathwaysPathways
 CatabolicCatabolic
PathwaysPathways
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Anabolic PathwayAnabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions,Metabolic reactions, which
consume energyconsume energy (endergonic),(endergonic), to
buildbuild complicated molecules from
simpler compounds.
 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUN
lightlight
energyenergy
(glucose)(glucose)
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Catabolic PathwayCatabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactionsMetabolic reactions which releaserelease
energyenergy (exergonic)(exergonic) by breakingbreaking
downdown complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(glucose)(glucose)
energy
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Cellular Energy -Cellular Energy -
ATPATP
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ATPATP
 Components:Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose:2. ribose: five carbon sugarfive carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 33.phosphate group: chain of 3
riboseribose
adenineadenine
P P P
phosphate groupphosphate group
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Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate
 ThreeThree
phosphatephosphate
groups-groups-(two(two
with highwith high
energy bondsenergy bonds
 Last phosphateLast phosphate
group (POgroup (PO44))
contains thecontains the
MOST energyMOST energy
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Breaking the Bonds of ATPBreaking the Bonds of ATP
 Process is called
phosphorylationphosphorylation
 Occurs continually
in cells
 Enzyme ATP-aseATP-ase
can weaken &
break last POlast PO44
bondbond releasing
energy & free PO4
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How does ATP work ?How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymesenzymes to
break down energy-richenergy-rich
glucoseglucose to release its
potential energy
 This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
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How Much ATP Do Cells Use?How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated
that each celleach cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,00010,000,000
molecules ofmolecules of
ATPATP per secondper second
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Coupled Reaction - ATPCoupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonicexergonic
hydrolysishydrolysis of ATPATP
is coupled with
the endergonicendergonic
dehydrationdehydration
processprocess by
transferringtransferring a
phosphate groupphosphate group
to another
molecule.
HH22OO
HH22OO
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Hydrolysis ofHydrolysis of ATPATP
ATP + H2O → ADP + P
(exergonic)
HydrolysisHydrolysis
(add water)(add water)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P++
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Hyrolysis is ExergonicHyrolysis is Exergonic
EnergyEnergy
UsedUsed
byby
CellsCells
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Dehydration ofDehydration of ATPATP
ADP +ADP + PP →→ ATPATP ++ HH22OO
(endergonic(endergonic)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P++
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
DehydrationDehydration
(Remove H(Remove H22OO
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Dehydration is EndergonicDehydration is Endergonic
EnergyEnergy
isis
restoredrestored
inin
ChemicalChemical
BondsBonds
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ReviewReview
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How many high energyHow many high energy
phosphate bonds does ATPphosphate bonds does ATP
have?have?
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Which is true of photosyntheis?Which is true of photosyntheis?
AnabolicAnabolic oror CatabolicCatabolic
ExergonicExergonic OrOr EndergonicEndergonic
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The breakdown of ATP isThe breakdown of ATP is
due to:due to:
DehydrationDehydration oror HydrolysisHydrolysis
HH22O addedO added oror HH22O removedO removed
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Which Reactions are oftenWhich Reactions are often
Coupled in OrganismsCoupled in Organisms
HydrolysisHydrolysis oror DehydrationDehydration
AnabolismAnabolism or Catabolismor Catabolism
EndergonicEndergonic oror ExergonicExergonic
BOTHBOTH
BOTHBOTH
BOTHBOTH
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Ready for the test?Ready for the test?
If not, review andIf not, review and
try again!!!try again!!!
Muhammad Iqbal Khan SS Biology