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Equity in WASH in India
     Arun Mudgerikar & Aidan Cronin
               UNICEF

 Asia Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Practitioners
                     Workshop
Dhaka, Bangladesh (31st January-2nd February, 2012)
Equity Profile in India
• Disparities in WASH exist
   – across States, Castes, Religions, Rural-Urban, and Wealth
     quintiles.
   – within politically recognized excluded classes
   – but the disparities among wealth quintiles are cross cutting

• These are reflected in WASH coverage in respective classifications
   – Rural-urban gap reflects need for accelerating rural sanitation
   – Definite linkage with poverty
   – Household water connectivity (HH water connection) enables
     sanitation
   – Typical toilet designs (or any physical component) will have to
     consistent with the existing household structures             2
Disparities in rural sanitation – NSS 2010
Scheduled Tribes                       Other Backward Castes

                       21.66
                                                            28.74
                3.11

                                                    1.61
                               75.23                                69.65


Scheduled Caste
                                       Others
           1.71
                       21.69
   Open
   defecation                                                       43.36
   Unimproved                                              52.31
   sanitation
                               76.61
   Improved
   sanitation                                                       4.33
Disparities in urban sanitation – NSS 2010
Scheduled Tribe                          Other Backward Castes
                                                                         14.76
                          21.23                                                  2.73

                              2.52


                  76.26                                     82.51




Scheduled Caste                          Others                                     4.12
                                  3.03
                          22.95                                              2.51
   Open
   defecation
   Unimproved
   sanitation     74.01
                                                                 93.37
   Improved
   sanitation
Disparities across States in urban water supply
                  – NSS 2010




0%   10%   20%   30%     40%    50%    60%    70%    80%   90%   100%

                   Tap     Improved Source   Other
Disparities across States in rural water supply –
                    NSS 2010




0%   10%   20%   30%    40%     50%      60%   70%   80%   90%   100%

                       Tap    Improved     Other
Disparities across wealth quintiles
     Rural sanitation - JMP
                           Porrest 20%
                           100
                            80
                            60
                            40
   Richest                                           II Poorest 20%
                            20
                             0




    IV Poorest 20%                           III Poorest 20%



                     Improved toilets 1995
                     Improved toilets 2008
Disparities across wealth quintiles
             rural WS
                         Porrest 20%
                         100
                          80
                          60
                          40
       Richest                                II Poorest 20%
                          20
                           0




      IV Poorest 20%                   III Poorest 20%



 Piped water on premises - 1995   Piped water on premises 2008
 Other improved 1995              Other improved 2008
Disparities across wealth quintiles
         Urban sanitation
                             Porrest 20%
                             100

                              80

                              60

                              40                        II Poorest
   Richest
                                                            20%
                              20

                               0




        IV Poorest                             III Poorest
           20%                                     20%

             Improved toilets 1995     Improved toilets 2008
Distribution of population across States in
      national wealth quintiles – NFHS 2005-06
100

 90

 80

 70

 60

 50

 40

 30

 20

 10

  0
            Poorest   II Lowest   Middle   IV Quintile   Richest
Proposed strategy for inclusive programming
•   Inclusive Behaviour Change: All C4D activities in WASH include specific emphasis on reaching the
    marginalised, social norm change can facilitate this
•   Empowerment and Voice Strengthening: UNICEF build platforms with Govt, Civil Society, UN and
    the other main WASH actors to unite for improved service provision to the marginalised of India.
•   Knowledge Management: CEP first unpacks the issue of social exclusion and equity in the WASH
    sector and then designs targeted programmatic interventions to tackle these and following this to
    strengthen documentation of the process and impact on the marginalised.
•   Service Delivery: The main service delivery point to be adopted by Government is that progress in
    sanitation and water access to date is currently not reaching the poorest.
•   Aaccountability and Institutional Strengthening: Capacity building will continue – at individual and
    institutional level. Key experts on WASH and the excluded will be identified to build capacity into
    program planners and implementers in Govt., civil society.
•   Evidenced- based Policy Advocacy: Continue to promote the JMP methodology to highlight the
    actual usage of defined levels of service provision across different strata of society but looking also
    at other improved data sources with increased disaggregation possibilities (min to District level).




                                                                                                         11
Some of the notable initiatives from
                   India
•   Jharkhand: KAP findings study and GIS mapping of WASH among Adivasi groups.
•   Madhya Prasesh: Impact of district communication plan and mass media
    campaigns for excluded
•   Uttar Pradesh: GIS mapping of 11,000 water points has been completed for all five
    blocks of Chitrakoot and its scaled up to Lalitpur.
•   West Bengal: Consultation on converging backward region grant funds to prioritize
    neglected areas and partnership in Purulia district with women SHGs
•   Orissa: Mapping of views on sanitation in Scheduled Tribes and designing an
    inclusive communication strategy.
•    Assam: WASH in Tea Gardens Initiative to reach socially excluded people in the
    estates.
•   Chhattisgarh: partnership with civil society to work with socially excluded primitive
    tribes in civil strife affected areas.
•   Gujarat: Innovative solutions for water supply were trialed in remote tribal areas.
•   Bihar: Formative research for inclusive communication strategy development
Ways forward for for inclusive
               programming
• Clear identification of social economic and other
  classification
• Basic unit of effective coverage (like
  individual, Household)
• Baselines of access and actual use
• Status of disparities & causal factors
• Monitoring and evaluation methodology
• Evidence based advocacy for policy and political
  commitment
• Universal and/or targeted approaches
Thanks !

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Review of the status of equity in WASH programming in India

  • 1. Equity in WASH in India Arun Mudgerikar & Aidan Cronin UNICEF Asia Regional Sanitation and Hygiene Practitioners Workshop Dhaka, Bangladesh (31st January-2nd February, 2012)
  • 2. Equity Profile in India • Disparities in WASH exist – across States, Castes, Religions, Rural-Urban, and Wealth quintiles. – within politically recognized excluded classes – but the disparities among wealth quintiles are cross cutting • These are reflected in WASH coverage in respective classifications – Rural-urban gap reflects need for accelerating rural sanitation – Definite linkage with poverty – Household water connectivity (HH water connection) enables sanitation – Typical toilet designs (or any physical component) will have to consistent with the existing household structures 2
  • 3. Disparities in rural sanitation – NSS 2010 Scheduled Tribes Other Backward Castes 21.66 28.74 3.11 1.61 75.23 69.65 Scheduled Caste Others 1.71 21.69 Open defecation 43.36 Unimproved 52.31 sanitation 76.61 Improved sanitation 4.33
  • 4. Disparities in urban sanitation – NSS 2010 Scheduled Tribe Other Backward Castes 14.76 21.23 2.73 2.52 76.26 82.51 Scheduled Caste Others 4.12 3.03 22.95 2.51 Open defecation Unimproved sanitation 74.01 93.37 Improved sanitation
  • 5. Disparities across States in urban water supply – NSS 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Tap Improved Source Other
  • 6. Disparities across States in rural water supply – NSS 2010 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Tap Improved Other
  • 7. Disparities across wealth quintiles Rural sanitation - JMP Porrest 20% 100 80 60 40 Richest II Poorest 20% 20 0 IV Poorest 20% III Poorest 20% Improved toilets 1995 Improved toilets 2008
  • 8. Disparities across wealth quintiles rural WS Porrest 20% 100 80 60 40 Richest II Poorest 20% 20 0 IV Poorest 20% III Poorest 20% Piped water on premises - 1995 Piped water on premises 2008 Other improved 1995 Other improved 2008
  • 9. Disparities across wealth quintiles Urban sanitation Porrest 20% 100 80 60 40 II Poorest Richest 20% 20 0 IV Poorest III Poorest 20% 20% Improved toilets 1995 Improved toilets 2008
  • 10. Distribution of population across States in national wealth quintiles – NFHS 2005-06 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Poorest II Lowest Middle IV Quintile Richest
  • 11. Proposed strategy for inclusive programming • Inclusive Behaviour Change: All C4D activities in WASH include specific emphasis on reaching the marginalised, social norm change can facilitate this • Empowerment and Voice Strengthening: UNICEF build platforms with Govt, Civil Society, UN and the other main WASH actors to unite for improved service provision to the marginalised of India. • Knowledge Management: CEP first unpacks the issue of social exclusion and equity in the WASH sector and then designs targeted programmatic interventions to tackle these and following this to strengthen documentation of the process and impact on the marginalised. • Service Delivery: The main service delivery point to be adopted by Government is that progress in sanitation and water access to date is currently not reaching the poorest. • Aaccountability and Institutional Strengthening: Capacity building will continue – at individual and institutional level. Key experts on WASH and the excluded will be identified to build capacity into program planners and implementers in Govt., civil society. • Evidenced- based Policy Advocacy: Continue to promote the JMP methodology to highlight the actual usage of defined levels of service provision across different strata of society but looking also at other improved data sources with increased disaggregation possibilities (min to District level). 11
  • 12. Some of the notable initiatives from India • Jharkhand: KAP findings study and GIS mapping of WASH among Adivasi groups. • Madhya Prasesh: Impact of district communication plan and mass media campaigns for excluded • Uttar Pradesh: GIS mapping of 11,000 water points has been completed for all five blocks of Chitrakoot and its scaled up to Lalitpur. • West Bengal: Consultation on converging backward region grant funds to prioritize neglected areas and partnership in Purulia district with women SHGs • Orissa: Mapping of views on sanitation in Scheduled Tribes and designing an inclusive communication strategy. • Assam: WASH in Tea Gardens Initiative to reach socially excluded people in the estates. • Chhattisgarh: partnership with civil society to work with socially excluded primitive tribes in civil strife affected areas. • Gujarat: Innovative solutions for water supply were trialed in remote tribal areas. • Bihar: Formative research for inclusive communication strategy development
  • 13. Ways forward for for inclusive programming • Clear identification of social economic and other classification • Basic unit of effective coverage (like individual, Household) • Baselines of access and actual use • Status of disparities & causal factors • Monitoring and evaluation methodology • Evidence based advocacy for policy and political commitment • Universal and/or targeted approaches