Open Access and the Evolving Scholarly Communication Environment

Open Access
and the Evolving Scholarly
Communication Environment
Iryna Kuchma, eIFL Open Access program manager, eIFL.net
Presented at Open Access: Maximising Research Quality and
Impact, October 29 – 30, 2009
University of Malawi, Kamuzu College of Nursing, Lilongwe

4 000 libraries in 46 countries

eIFL.net programs
1. Open access

2. Advocacy for access to knowledge:
copyright and libraries

3. Promoting free and open source software
for libraries

eIFL.net programs 2
4. 1+1=More and better.
The benefits of library consortia

5. Promoting a culture of cooperation:
knowledge and information sharing

6. Advocating for affordable and fair access to
commercially produced scholarly resources

eIFL-IP: Copyright for libraries
to maximize access to
knowledge via libraries for
education, research and
the public through fair and
balanced copyright laws
that take into account the
needs of their users

to raise awareness of libraries
and copyright, and to
empower the eIFL.net
community to become
advocates and proponents
of fair access for all

eIFL-IP: Copyright for libraries 2
eIFL Handbook
on Copyright and Related Issues
http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/services/eifl-ip/issues/eifl-handbook-on

eIFL-IP Draft Law on Copyright
Including Model Exceptions and Limitations
for Libraries and Consumers
http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law

eIFL-FOSS
http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/services/eifl-foss
- Success of the Greenstone pilot
in Southern Africa,
leading to the SA Greenstone

- Support Network
Launch of Integrated Library
Systems (ILS) project

- UNESCO award for a Linux Thin
Server Project How To Guide
from Birzeit University to help
libraries extend or maximize
the usefulness of old
computers

Negotiations
eIFL.net is advocating
for affordable access
to commercially produced
electronic journals and
databases through collective
negotiations with publishers
and aggregators

negotiation activity includes not
only obtaining affordable
prices, but also establishing fair
terms and conditions for
access to those resources by
library users in developing and
transitional countries

Consortium building
eIFL.net assists the countries
in the building of
sustainable national
library consortia

a wide range of activities
underpins this goal
including: training events,
national and regional
workshops and meetings,
individual country visits,
grants, manuals, web
resources

eIFL Open Access 2
Focus for 2009/10:

Open access policies to be
adopted by research
funding agencies,
universities and research
organisations in eIFL.net
countries

Sustainability of open
repositories within the eIFL
region

eIFL Open Access 3
Open Access Week, 19-23 October
2009

Advocacy materials for eIFL.net
countries

Turning pilot repositories into
strong operational tools (open
access resources create value
through the impact they have
on users)

Watching briefs on open access to
data and open educational
resources

eIFL Open Access 4 soon:
coming
Evaluation of Institutional
Repository Development in
Developing and Transition
Countries – a cooperative program
between eIFL.net, the University of
Kansas Libraries, the DRIVER project
and Key Perspectives Ltd

case studies on institutional
repositories from eIFL countries

a report on the implementation of
open content licenses in
developing and transition
countries

OA FAQ
What is the difference
between open access literature
and digital, online and free of charge literature?

OA FAQ 2
Digital, online and free for users literature
doesn’t have the price barriers for the users,
but still has permission barriers (e.g. registration,
copyright and licensing restrictions, no reuse rights).
If you are asked to register, provide IP address, or
sign a license, this is not open access.
E.g. you might have free access to research literature
via HINARI, AGORA, OARE and other international
initiatives because somebody paid on your behalf,
or the publisher was generous to provide free access to
you, or this was a result of negotiations.

OA FAQ 3
By 'open access' to literature,
we mean its permanent free availability
on the public internet, permitting any users to read,
download, copy, distribute, print, search,
or link to the full texts of these articles,
crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to
software, or use them for any other lawful purpose,
without financial, legal, or technical barriers other
than those inseparable from gaining access to the
internet itself.

OA FAQ 4
The only constraint
on reproduction and distribution,
and the only role for copyright in this domain, should
be to give authors control over the integrity of their
work and the right to be properly acknowledged
and cited
(open access definition from the Budapest Open Access
Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.
shtml).

Helicopter flight by phault http://www.flickr.com/photos/pjh/171451412/

2 complementary strategies:
Gold
by Vitó http://www.flickr.com/photos/janeladeimagens/192943825/

https://wiki.library.jhu.edu/display/epubs/Home?showChildren=false

http://www.openaccesspublishing.org/materials.php

http://www.soros.org/openaccess/resources.shtml

http://www.arl.org/sparc/publisher/incomemodels/

2 complementary strategies -
Green
by Jim Frazier http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimfrazier/140042827/

Open repositories
A digital repository is defined as

containing research output

institutional or thematic

and OAI compliant
(http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html)
(From The European Repository Landscape Inventory Study into the Present Type and Level of OAI-Compliant Digital Repository Activities in the EU
by Maurits van der Graaf and Kwame van Eijndhoven)

Open Access Repository Types -
(from the Directory of Open Access Repositories )

http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Disciplinary_repositories

Content Types
in OpenDOAR Repositories

Content
Gray literature:
Preprints / working materials /
theses and dissertations / reports /
conference materials / bulletins /
grant applications / reports to the donors /
memorandums / statistical reports /
technical documentation / questionnaires…

Theses and dissertations
The most popular theses and dissertations
were downloaded 37,501 times (history )
and 33,752 times (engineering);
history one was published and was a long seller
(John Hagen, West Virginia University)

Depot
The Depot ( www.depot.edina.ac.uk)
is an assured gateway to make research Open Access

EDINA (a JISC UK-national academic data centre
based at the University of Edinburgh)
announced that the Depot has been opened up
internationally to support the Open Access agenda.

Depot 2
1. a deposit service for researchers worldwide
without an institutional repository
in which to deposit their papers, articles, and
book chapters (e-prints)

2. a re-direct service which alerts depositors
to more appropriate local services if they exist

Open Access Impact
Open access brings more rapid and
more efficient progress for scholarly research
http://arxiv.org/
“Brody has looked at the pattern of citations
to articles deposited in arXiv, specifically
at the length of the delay between
when an article is deposited and when it is cited,
and has published the aggregated data
for each year from 1991.”
– Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of
the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.
http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/01/timcorr.htm (accessed 30 October 2006)
– Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? - ECS EPrints ...Open Access: What is it and why should we have
it? Swan, A. (2006) Open Access: What is it and why should we have it? http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13028/

Open Access Impact 2
“As more papers are deposited and
more scientists use the repository,
the time between an article being deposited
and being cited has been shrinking
dramatically,
year upon year”

Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of the American
Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

“This is important
for research uptake and progress,
because it means that in this area of research,
where articles are made available at –
or frequently before – publication,
the research cycle is accelerating”

Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of the American
Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

“The research cycle in high energy physics
is approaching maximum efficiency
as a result of the early and free availability
of articles that scientists in the field
can use and build upon rapidly”

– Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan; Carr, Leslie. Earlier web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact. Journal of
the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2005, Vol. 57 no. 8 pp. 1060-1072.

1. “submission of articles to
an open access subject repository, arXiv,
yields a citation advantage of a factor five”;

(Evidences from Anne Gentil-Beccot, Salvatore Mele and Travis Brooks: Citing and
Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped
Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories: http://arxiv
.org/abs/0906.5418 )

2. “the citation advantage of articles
appearing in a repository is connected
to their dissemination prior to publication,
20% of citations of HEP articles over a two-year
period occur before publication”

.org/abs/0906.5418 )

3. “HEP scientists are between four and eight
times more likely to download an article in
its preprint form from arXiv rather than its
final published version on a journal web
site”.

.org/abs/0906.5418 )

Enhanced publications
Publications combined with research data

Improve interpretation and verification

Promote available data

Browsable network of related items

(from the presentation Enhanced Publications & LTP Connector
demonstrators by Paul Doorenbosch, KB Netherlands, at the DRIVER
Confederation Summit)

Scholarly communication
Science is dynamic and
collaborative and it is
important to sustain
the communication
processes, rather than
simply archiving
research results in the
form of a single journal
article

Open Access
“It is important to stress here
that publishing is a fundamental part
of the process of doing science.
Moreover, as a scientist I am not writing for money —
like my wife, who was a professional writer at one time —
but I am writing for fame:
I want everyone to read what I write…
For that reason we volunteer our services,
and we don’t get paid.
That is what makes Open Access
a powerful concept for scientists.”
The Basement Interviews Freeing the scientific literature Harold Varmus, Nobel laureate, former director of the US National
Institutes of Health, and co-founder of open access publisher Public Library of Science, talks to Richard Poynder. Published
on June 5th 2006 http://poynder.blogspot.com/2006/06/interview-with-harold-varmus.html

http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html

The Power of Open Access
There are considerable
economic, social and educational benefits
to making research and other outputs available
without financial, legal and technical
barriers to access

OA FAQ 5
Is open access compatible with copyright?

Completely.
Copyright law gives the copyright holder
the right to make access open or restricted,
and we seek to put copyright in the hands of authors
or institutions that will consent to make access open.

(From the Budapest Open Access Initiative: Frequently Asked Questions http://www.
earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm)

OA FAQ 6
If articles are easily available,
then plagiarism will be made easier?
On the contrary.
Open access might make plagiarism easier to commit,
for people trolling for text to cut and paste.
But for the same reason,
open access makes plagiarism more hazardous to
commit. Insofar as open access makes plagiarism
easier, it's only for plagiarism from open access
sources. But plagiarism from open access sources is
the easiest kind to detect.”
(From Open access and quality written by Peter Suber, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, issue #102, October 2,
2006: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-06.htm#quality)

OA FAQ 7
“In fact, plagiarism is diminished as a problem.
It is far easier to detect if the original,
date-stamped material is freely accessible to all,
rather than being hidden in an obscure journal.”

(From the Open Access Frequently Asked Questions, DRIVER — Digital
Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research
http://www.driver-support.eu/faq/oafaq.html)

OA FAQ 8
“It is easier to detect simple plagiarism
with electronic than with printed text
by using search engines or other services
to find identical texts.
For more subtle forms of misuse,
the difficulties of detection are no greater
than with traditional journal articles.
Indeed, metadata tagging, including new ways of
tracking the provenance of electronic data and text,
promise to make it easier.”
(From JISC Opening up Access to Research Results: Questions and Answers,
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/QandA-Doc-final.pdf)

http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/plagiarism/archive/detection.aspx

Leverage by Les Carr: http://www.slideshare.net/lescarr/
leverage?type=powerpoint
The Repository has made a splash page, with previews and
usage stats (Example from EPrints at University of Southampton)

The repository has made a bibliography for you …(Example from
DSpace at Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium)

…maybe personalised it with other information about you…
(Example from DSpace at University of Chicago, Illinois)

…set up a mailing list for you…Example from Digital Commons
at Cal Poly

Automatically updated your research group web pages
(Example from IAM web site at University of Southampton, UK)

Less Administration: Management will use the information for
the admin forms you would otherwise have to complete

Update your Teaching Pages

Why open repositories?
Opening up the outputs
of the institution to the world

Maximizing the visibility and impact
of these outputs

Showcasing the quality of the research
in the institution

Why open repositories? 2
Collecting and curating
the digital outputs of the institution

Managing and measuring
research and teaching activities

Providing a workspace for work-in-progress
and for collaborative and large-scale projects

Enabling and encouraging
interdisciplinary approaches to research

Facilitating the development and sharing
of digital teaching materials and aids

Supporting student endeavours,
providing access to theses and dissertations
and a location for the development of e-portfolios

Institutional and national level
research assessment and research management,
bringing together research expertise
across the institution and country

Information rich collaboration,
effective decision-making
and successful research activity

Improved governmental policy
and public health care outcomes

EOS
“The world of research is changing
and universities and other research-based institutions
must drive the change, not sit back and let it happen.
Having embarked upon implementing changes
in thinking and practice at my own university,
I want to encourage others in my position
to join the discussion
and help lead the way to a better future,”
said Professor Bernard Rentier.

Next steps – researchers and students

Publish articles in OA journals

Self-archive in open repositories

Spread a word about OA

Next steps – researcher managers
Introduce OA polices

Transform the journals into OA journals

Set-up open repositories


Next steps – libraries
Set-up open repositories

Help researchers and students to self-archive

Help to publish OA journals and create open
educational resources

Next steps – libraries 2

Help in data curation and sharing


http://ujscienceslibrarynews.wordpress.com/open-access-oa/

Thank you!
Questions?

Iryna Kuchma
iryna.kuchma[at]eifl.net; www.eifl.net

The presentation is licensed with Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Open Access and the Evolving Scholarly Communication Environment

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