1. ABDUL WAJID
(2012-VA-599)
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

2. Introduction
 Foot and Mouth Disease is a
viral disease that affects
cloven hoofed animals.
 The virus causes a fever ,
followed by blisters.
 Susceptible animals include,
• Cattle
• Buffalo
• Sheep
• Goat

3. FMD ruptured vesicles

4. Etiology
 FMD virus belongs to family picornaviridae genus apthovirus.
 Seven serotypes namely :
A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT2, SAT 3 and ASIA 1.
 FMD virus is highly transmissible and cause high morbidity
outbreaks with moderate to low mortality in most cases.
(Grubman et al., 2004).
 All FMD serotypes are immunogenically different from one
another.
 Vaccination with one serotype does not develop immunity to
against another serotype.
(Paton et al., 2005)

5. Clinical signs
 Incubation period 2-14 days
 Fever
 Blisters
 Weight loss
 Swelling of testicles
 Teat lesions
 Decline in milk production
 Myocarditis and death in new
born animals

6. Transmission
 Direct contact
 Wind-borne transmission - 10-250 km
 Aerosol transmission
 semen and embryos
 Infected Animals, infected utensils, food stuff and water etc,
 Secretions and excretions like urine, saliva, faeces, milk

7. Diagnosis
 Laboratory Tests
• Antigen or nucleic acid detection
• Complement fixation test
• ELISA
• VNT
 Notify authorities and wait for instructions before collecting
samples.

8. Prevention
 Prohibit live ruminants, swine and their products from
FMD affected countries.
 Monitor travellers and belongings at the ports of entry.
 State planning and training exercise.
 Boisecurity protocols for livestock facilities.
 Treatment and Control
 No treatment available
 Supportive care to those afflicted
 Vaccine available

9. Vaccination
 Killed vaccine, serotype
specific.
 Monitor disease outbreaks
worldwide and stock
active serotypes and
strains.
 It is essential to isolate
virus and identify the
serotype to select the
correct vaccine.

10. FMD Occurrence
 FMD has a worldwide distribution with the exception of
Australia, New Zealand and North America.
 The seven serotypes have their geographic domains.
 SAT 1 to SAT 3 are predominantly found in Africa.
 Asia 1 exists only in Asia.
 Types A, O and C are found in Europe, South America and
Asia.The most common type in Europe is type O.

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 In the beginning of 20th century, FMD outbreaks occurred
periodically in Europe but these outbreaks have devastating
effects.
(Barteling and Vreeswijk.,1991)
 In 1968, FMD outbreaks were reported in UK in which very high
number of animals were slaughtered.
(Gloster et al., 2005)

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 Foot and Mouth disease is endemic in Pakistan, India and
Afghanistan.FMD serotypes A, O and Asia 1 are prevalent in
these countries but FMD serotype O has been responsible for
high number of outbreaks in Pakistan.
(Abubakar et al., 2012)
 The rates of three FMD serotypes in Pakistan are 70%, 25% and
4.7% for type O, Asia 1 and type A, respectively
(Zulfiqar., 2003)
 No data is available regarding FMD in Afghanistan.

13. Objectives
 To describe the descriptive
epidemiology of a FMD
outbreak in Bihsud and
Surkhrod District Nangarhar
Province, Afghanistan.
 To identify the potential risk
factors associated with the
outbreak.

14. Materials and Methods
 Descriptive Epidemiology of FMD
 Study Design
• Suspected cases of FMD from Live stock will be collected
from the Civil Veterinary hospital. Descriptive
epidemiological tool will be used to describe the data in
terms of place, person and time.
 Study Population and Sampling unit
• Total population in the catchment area of Civil Hospital of
Nangarhar. Sampling units will be the suspected animal of
FMD.

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 Retrospective study of the confirmed case of FMD
 Sample size for case-control
 Total number of cases and control will be 274 was calculated by
formula as describes by Schlesselman (1982). A total of 137
confirmed positive (cases) and 137 confirmed negative (control)
will be included in the study.
 Matching criteria:
 Each case will be matched with the control for age, breed and
geographical area.
 Informed Consent
 Informed consent will be obtained from the owner of the animal
who will be willing to participate in the study.

16.  Inclusion Criteria
 Animals confirmed positive by either clinical examination
or laboratory test (Enzyme linked immunesarbant assay),
visited Civil Veterinary Hospital, Nangarhar and willing to
participate.
 Exclusion Criteria
 Animal’s owners who refuse to share data and those who
will not be confirmed by clinical examination or laboratory
test or complicated cases will be excluded from the study.
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17.  Data Collection Procedure
 Data will be collected on a predesigned questionnaire by a
face-to face interview with Animal’s owner and data about
age, gender, demographic information, socioeconomic
status, source of feeding, hygienic measures and other
relevant factors will be collected.
 Statistical Analysis
 Analysis by using R software. Chi square test will be used
to determine the relationship between time, person and
place.
 Multivariable analysis will be done to investigate various
factors related to positive cases of FMD.
 p-value of <0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
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