SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  15
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Epidemiological subdisciplines
There are various epidemiological subdisciplines
1. Clinical epidemiology
Clinical epidemiology is the use of epidemiological
principles, methods and findings in the care of
individuals, with particular reference to diagnosis and
prognosis.
2. Computational epidemiology
Application of computer science to epidemiological
studies. Representation of disease by mathematical
models and the use of expert systems. (formulating
disease control strategies. , predicting animals
productivity. Supporting management decisions)
Epidemiological subdisciplines
3. Genetic epidemiology
Genetic epidemiology is the study of the cause,
distribution and control of disease in related
individuals, and of inherited defects in populations.
Also explore Interactions between genetic and non-
genetic factors.
4. Field epidemiology
Field epidemiology is a timely, judgmental process
based on description, analysis, common sense and
the need to design practical control policies
When outbreaks of foot-and –mouth disease occur,
field epidemiologists promptly trace potential sources
of infection in an attempt to limit spread of the
disease.
Epidemiological subdisciplines
5. Participatory epidemiology
 1980 with development of veterinary services,
animals were economically and socially important, use
of local knowledge to gain information, with the main
goal of improving animal health
 Techniques that are employed evolved in the social
science, and consist of simple visual methods and
interviews to generate qualitative data
 “Participatory epidemiology” it is a tool for the field
epidemiologist, which is increasingly used in
developing counties. Is concerned with local
knowledge of, and practices relating to, the health of
animals.
Epidemiological subdisciplines
6. Molecular epidemiology
 Study of small genetic and antigenic differences
between viruses and other microorganisms at a
higher level of discrimination
 The methods include peptide mapping, nucleic acid
‘fingerprinting’ and hybridization, restriction enzyme
analysis, monoclonal antibodies and the polymerase
chain reaction
 Nucleotide sequencing of foot-and–mouth that some
outbreaks of the disease involved vicinal strains,
suggesting that improper inactivation or escape of
virus from vaccine production plants. Unrestricted
animals movement is a major factor in dissemination
of the disease in West Africa.
Subdisciplines of Epidemiology
 Environmental Epidemiology: concerned
with the relationship between disease and
environmental factors such as industrial
pollution and occupational hazards
 Micro-Epidemiology: study of disease in a
small group of individuals with respect to
factors that influence its occurrence in larger
segments of the population
 Macro-Epidemiology : study of national
patterns of disease, and the social, economic
and political factors that influence them
Subdisciplines of Epidemiology
 Chronic disease epidemiology
 Nutritional epidemiology
 Subclinical epidemiology
 Social epidemiology
 Psychosocial epidemiology.
Components of epidemiology
The first stage in any investigation is the
collection of relevant data.
Investigations can be either qualitative
or quantitative or a combination of these
two approaches.
 Qualitative investigations
 Quantitative investigations
Qualitative investigations
 The natural history of disease
 The ecology of diseases, including the distribution,
mode of transmission and maintenance of infectious
diseases, is investigated by field observation. Field
observations also may reveal information about
factors that may directly or indirectly cause disease.
 Causal hypothesis testing
 If filed observations suggest that certain factors may
be causally associated with a disease, than the
association must be assessed by formulation a causal
hypothesis
Quantitative investigations
 Quantitative investigations involve
measurement (e.g., the number of cases of
disease), and therefore expression and
analysis of numerical values. Quantitative
investigations include surveys, monitoring
and surveillance, studies, modeling, and
the biological and economic evaluation of
disease control. Walls of the research
organization- ‘armchair epidemiology’.
Surveys
 A surveys is an examination of an aggregate of units.
 Surveys can be undertaken on a sample of the
population.
 A census, a cross-sectional survey records events
occurring at a particular point in time.
 A longitudinal survey records events over a period of
time. Prospectively form the present into the future;
on may be a retrospective record of past events.
 In epidemiological surveys, characteristics might
include the presence of particular diseases, or
production parameters such as milk yield.
Screening
 A particular type of diagnostic survey is screening.
Identification of undiagnosed cases of disease using
rapid tests or examination
 Screening tests are not intended to be diagnostic;
individuals with positive test results (i.e., that are
classified as diseased by the screening test) usually
require further investigation for definite diagnosis.
They therefore differ from diagnostic tests.
 Screening involves investigation of the total
population (mass screening). Targeted at animals
only in areas where there have been cases of disease
(strategic screening). Prescriptive screening aims
at early identification of diseases that can be
controlled better if they are detected early in their
pathogenesis.
Monitoring and surveillance
 Monitoring is the making of routine observations on
health, productivity and environmental factors and
the recording and transmission of these observations.
Recording of milk yields or routine recording of meat
inspection findings at abattoirs.
 Surveillance is a more intensive form of data
recording than monitoring. Used to describe the
tracing and observation of people who were in contact
with cases of infectious disease. Include all types of
disease – infectious and non-infectious
 It is normally part of control programmes for specific
diseases.
Studies
 There are four main types of
epidemiological study:
1. experimental studies;
2. cross-sectional studies;
3. case-control studies;
4. cohort studies.
 Modelling
Using mathematical equations ‘Modelling’.
 Risk assessment
Evaluation of the risk of the occurrence of adverse,
development of formal methods of quantitative and
quantitative risk assessment. e.g Microbiological risk
assessment with food safely risks, and estimation of the
magnitude of microbial exposure at various stages in the
production chain (rearing on the farm; transport and
processing; retail and storage; preparation) to
campylobacter spp and salmonella spp.
 Disease control
The goal of epidemiology is to improve the veterinarian's
knowledge so that diseases can be controlled effectively,
and productivity thereby optimized. This can be fulfilled by
treatment, prevention or eradication
THANKS

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Epidemiology of communicable diseases
Epidemiology of communicable diseasesEpidemiology of communicable diseases
Epidemiology of communicable diseasesDalia El-Shafei
 
Dynamic of disease transmission
Dynamic of disease transmissionDynamic of disease transmission
Dynamic of disease transmissionsamuel HENDRICKS
 
Basic Concept of Epidemiology
Basic Concept of EpidemiologyBasic Concept of Epidemiology
Basic Concept of EpidemiologyAminu Kende
 
Theories of disease causation..ppt
Theories of disease causation..pptTheories of disease causation..ppt
Theories of disease causation..pptMonika Sharma
 
Measurement of morbidity
Measurement of morbidityMeasurement of morbidity
Measurement of morbiditydrjagannath
 
Introduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyIntroduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyPradhuman Yadav
 
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
Measurements of morbidity and mortalityMeasurements of morbidity and mortality
Measurements of morbidity and mortalityJayaramachandran S
 
Basic measurements in epidemiology
Basic measurements in epidemiologyBasic measurements in epidemiology
Basic measurements in epidemiologyRizwan S A
 
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurements
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurementsIntroduction to epidemiology and it's measurements
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurementswrigveda
 
Natural history & spectrum of diseases
Natural history & spectrum of diseasesNatural history & spectrum of diseases
Natural history & spectrum of diseasesyinka ADENIRAN
 
Epidemiology an introduction
Epidemiology an introductionEpidemiology an introduction
Epidemiology an introductionBhoj Raj Singh
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiologysobana M
 
Final methods epidemiology
Final methods epidemiologyFinal methods epidemiology
Final methods epidemiologybhavisha patel
 
Epidemiological approach and methods
Epidemiological approach and methodsEpidemiological approach and methods
Epidemiological approach and methodsJagan Kumar Ojha
 
Theories of disease causation
Theories of disease causation Theories of disease causation
Theories of disease causation Binand Moirangthem
 
Introduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyIntroduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologymlogaraj
 

Tendances (20)

Epidemiology notes
Epidemiology notesEpidemiology notes
Epidemiology notes
 
Epidemiology of communicable diseases
Epidemiology of communicable diseasesEpidemiology of communicable diseases
Epidemiology of communicable diseases
 
Measuring Disease Frequency
Measuring Disease FrequencyMeasuring Disease Frequency
Measuring Disease Frequency
 
Dynamic of disease transmission
Dynamic of disease transmissionDynamic of disease transmission
Dynamic of disease transmission
 
Basic Concept of Epidemiology
Basic Concept of EpidemiologyBasic Concept of Epidemiology
Basic Concept of Epidemiology
 
Introduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyIntroduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiology
 
Theories of disease causation..ppt
Theories of disease causation..pptTheories of disease causation..ppt
Theories of disease causation..ppt
 
Measurement of morbidity
Measurement of morbidityMeasurement of morbidity
Measurement of morbidity
 
Introduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyIntroduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiology
 
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
Measurements of morbidity and mortalityMeasurements of morbidity and mortality
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
 
Basic measurements in epidemiology
Basic measurements in epidemiologyBasic measurements in epidemiology
Basic measurements in epidemiology
 
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurements
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurementsIntroduction to epidemiology and it's measurements
Introduction to epidemiology and it's measurements
 
Natural history & spectrum of diseases
Natural history & spectrum of diseasesNatural history & spectrum of diseases
Natural history & spectrum of diseases
 
Epidemiology an introduction
Epidemiology an introductionEpidemiology an introduction
Epidemiology an introduction
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiology
 
Final methods epidemiology
Final methods epidemiologyFinal methods epidemiology
Final methods epidemiology
 
Epidemiological approach and methods
Epidemiological approach and methodsEpidemiological approach and methods
Epidemiological approach and methods
 
Epidemiology ppt
Epidemiology pptEpidemiology ppt
Epidemiology ppt
 
Theories of disease causation
Theories of disease causation Theories of disease causation
Theories of disease causation
 
Introduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiologyIntroduction to epidemiology
Introduction to epidemiology
 

En vedette

Epidemiology introduction
Epidemiology introductionEpidemiology introduction
Epidemiology introductionPapiya Mazumdar
 
Basic concepts and principles of epidemiology
Basic concepts and  principles of epidemiologyBasic concepts and  principles of epidemiology
Basic concepts and principles of epidemiologyDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
 
Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to EpidemiologyIntroduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to EpidemiologyAya Mohamed
 
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
Screening of diseases
Screening of diseasesScreening of diseases
Screening of diseasesBruno Mmassy
 
Aims, Objective, Concept of Screening
Aims, Objective, Concept of ScreeningAims, Objective, Concept of Screening
Aims, Objective, Concept of ScreeningDr. Abraham Mallela
 
Concepts of Screening for disease
Concepts of Screening for diseaseConcepts of Screening for disease
Concepts of Screening for diseaseMohan Jangwal
 
Communicable and Non-Communicable Disease
Communicable and Non-Communicable DiseaseCommunicable and Non-Communicable Disease
Communicable and Non-Communicable DiseaseLaurenDanillo
 
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease:
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease:
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Doug Levy
 
Non-Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable DiseasesNon-Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable DiseasesJohn Bergman
 
Management of epidemics
Management of epidemicsManagement of epidemics
Management of epidemicsNc Das
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiologyfrank jc
 
Non communicable diseases and oral health
Non communicable diseases and oral healthNon communicable diseases and oral health
Non communicable diseases and oral healthDrRipika Sharma
 

En vedette (20)

Epidemiology introduction
Epidemiology introductionEpidemiology introduction
Epidemiology introduction
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiology
 
Basic concepts and principles of epidemiology
Basic concepts and  principles of epidemiologyBasic concepts and  principles of epidemiology
Basic concepts and principles of epidemiology
 
Introduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to EpidemiologyIntroduction to Epidemiology
Introduction to Epidemiology
 
Epidemiology ppt
Epidemiology pptEpidemiology ppt
Epidemiology ppt
 
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) One Health Role in Resilience ...
 
Disease screening
Disease screeningDisease screening
Disease screening
 
Screening of diseases
Screening of diseasesScreening of diseases
Screening of diseases
 
Management of an epidemic
Management of an epidemicManagement of an epidemic
Management of an epidemic
 
Aims, Objective, Concept of Screening
Aims, Objective, Concept of ScreeningAims, Objective, Concept of Screening
Aims, Objective, Concept of Screening
 
Concepts of Screening for disease
Concepts of Screening for diseaseConcepts of Screening for disease
Concepts of Screening for disease
 
Screening for Diseases
Screening for DiseasesScreening for Diseases
Screening for Diseases
 
Communicable and Non-Communicable Disease
Communicable and Non-Communicable DiseaseCommunicable and Non-Communicable Disease
Communicable and Non-Communicable Disease
 
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease:
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease:
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease:
 
Non-Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable DiseasesNon-Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable Diseases
 
Management of epidemics
Management of epidemicsManagement of epidemics
Management of epidemics
 
Non communicable diseases (final)
Non communicable diseases (final)Non communicable diseases (final)
Non communicable diseases (final)
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiology
 
Non communicable diseases and oral health
Non communicable diseases and oral healthNon communicable diseases and oral health
Non communicable diseases and oral health
 
Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
 

Similaire à Scope of epidemiology_2 (2)

Subject, theory, methods and tasks of
Subject, theory, methods and tasks ofSubject, theory, methods and tasks of
Subject, theory, methods and tasks ofJasmine John
 
Fundamental of epidemioloy
Fundamental of epidemioloyFundamental of epidemioloy
Fundamental of epidemioloyMahmoud Shaqria
 
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptx
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptxEpidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptx
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptxKUYA KABALO
 
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirConcept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirBikram Dhami
 
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1Arjun Chapagain
 
Epidemiology an overview
Epidemiology an overviewEpidemiology an overview
Epidemiology an overviewBhoj Raj Singh
 
Epidemiological trends and health care implication
Epidemiological trends and health care implicationEpidemiological trends and health care implication
Epidemiological trends and health care implicationsania aslam
 
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationEpidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationoptometry student
 
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationEpidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationoptometry student
 
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance.
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance. Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance.
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance. Eneutron
 
General principles of applied epidemiology
General principles of applied epidemiologyGeneral principles of applied epidemiology
General principles of applied epidemiologyBrainware University
 
Role of epidemiology & statistics in
Role of epidemiology & statistics inRole of epidemiology & statistics in
Role of epidemiology & statistics inmanishashrivastava9
 
1 epidemiology course
1 epidemiology course1 epidemiology course
1 epidemiology courseSagar Dalal
 
General Principles of Applied Epidemiology
General Principles of Applied EpidemiologyGeneral Principles of Applied Epidemiology
General Principles of Applied EpidemiologyBrainware University
 
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .ppt
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .pptL1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .ppt
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .pptNarmathaSRaja
 
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptx
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptxEPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptx
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptxshilpas275123
 
investigation of an epidemic
investigation of  an epidemicinvestigation of  an epidemic
investigation of an epidemicSiddharthsahil
 
Epidemiology.pptx
Epidemiology.pptxEpidemiology.pptx
Epidemiology.pptxAsokan R
 

Similaire à Scope of epidemiology_2 (2) (20)

Subject, theory, methods and tasks of
Subject, theory, methods and tasks ofSubject, theory, methods and tasks of
Subject, theory, methods and tasks of
 
Fundamental of epidemioloy
Fundamental of epidemioloyFundamental of epidemioloy
Fundamental of epidemioloy
 
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptx
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptxEpidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptx
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptx
 
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirConcept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
 
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1
 
Epidemiology an overview
Epidemiology an overviewEpidemiology an overview
Epidemiology an overview
 
Epidemiological trends and health care implication
Epidemiological trends and health care implicationEpidemiological trends and health care implication
Epidemiological trends and health care implication
 
Chetan epidemiology
Chetan epidemiologyChetan epidemiology
Chetan epidemiology
 
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationEpidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
 
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implicationEpidemiology trends and healthcare implication
Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication
 
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance.
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance. Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance.
Epidemiological method of research, structure & Maintenance.
 
General principles of applied epidemiology
General principles of applied epidemiologyGeneral principles of applied epidemiology
General principles of applied epidemiology
 
Role of epidemiology & statistics in
Role of epidemiology & statistics inRole of epidemiology & statistics in
Role of epidemiology & statistics in
 
1 epidemiology course
1 epidemiology course1 epidemiology course
1 epidemiology course
 
General Principles of Applied Epidemiology
General Principles of Applied EpidemiologyGeneral Principles of Applied Epidemiology
General Principles of Applied Epidemiology
 
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .ppt
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .pptL1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .ppt
L1 - Oral epidemiology-introduction .ppt
 
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptx
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptxEPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptx
EPIDEMIOLOGY PPT.pptx
 
investigation of an epidemic
investigation of  an epidemicinvestigation of  an epidemic
investigation of an epidemic
 
Epidemiology.pptx
Epidemiology.pptxEpidemiology.pptx
Epidemiology.pptx
 
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 

Plus de ismailzai

Rabies presentation
Rabies presentationRabies presentation
Rabies presentationismailzai
 
Leptospiroses
LeptospirosesLeptospiroses
Leptospirosesismailzai
 
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goatsEntritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goatsismailzai
 
Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever
Crimean congo hemorrhagic feverCrimean congo hemorrhagic fever
Crimean congo hemorrhagic feverismailzai
 
Abdul wajid seminar
Abdul wajid seminarAbdul wajid seminar
Abdul wajid seminarismailzai
 
Measure of disease_occurence
Measure of disease_occurenceMeasure of disease_occurence
Measure of disease_occurenceismailzai
 
Associations[1] (2)
Associations[1] (2)Associations[1] (2)
Associations[1] (2)ismailzai
 
Associations[1]
Associations[1]Associations[1]
Associations[1]ismailzai
 
Measure of disease_occurence (2)
Measure of disease_occurence (2)Measure of disease_occurence (2)
Measure of disease_occurence (2)ismailzai
 
History of epidemiology (2)
History of epidemiology (2)History of epidemiology (2)
History of epidemiology (2)ismailzai
 
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosisBovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosisismailzai
 
Gardiasis presentation
Gardiasis presentationGardiasis presentation
Gardiasis presentationismailzai
 
Outbreak investigation
Outbreak investigationOutbreak investigation
Outbreak investigationismailzai
 

Plus de ismailzai (13)

Rabies presentation
Rabies presentationRabies presentation
Rabies presentation
 
Leptospiroses
LeptospirosesLeptospiroses
Leptospiroses
 
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goatsEntritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats
Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats
 
Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever
Crimean congo hemorrhagic feverCrimean congo hemorrhagic fever
Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever
 
Abdul wajid seminar
Abdul wajid seminarAbdul wajid seminar
Abdul wajid seminar
 
Measure of disease_occurence
Measure of disease_occurenceMeasure of disease_occurence
Measure of disease_occurence
 
Associations[1] (2)
Associations[1] (2)Associations[1] (2)
Associations[1] (2)
 
Associations[1]
Associations[1]Associations[1]
Associations[1]
 
Measure of disease_occurence (2)
Measure of disease_occurence (2)Measure of disease_occurence (2)
Measure of disease_occurence (2)
 
History of epidemiology (2)
History of epidemiology (2)History of epidemiology (2)
History of epidemiology (2)
 
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosisBovine tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosis
 
Gardiasis presentation
Gardiasis presentationGardiasis presentation
Gardiasis presentation
 
Outbreak investigation
Outbreak investigationOutbreak investigation
Outbreak investigation
 

Dernier

Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?Ryan Addison
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyZurück zum Ursprung
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfPregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid ArthritisPhysiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid ArthritisNilofarRasheed1
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 

Dernier (20)

Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?
The Importance of Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important?
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdfPregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
 
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid ArthritisPhysiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Physiotherapy Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 

Scope of epidemiology_2 (2)

  • 1. Epidemiological subdisciplines There are various epidemiological subdisciplines 1. Clinical epidemiology Clinical epidemiology is the use of epidemiological principles, methods and findings in the care of individuals, with particular reference to diagnosis and prognosis. 2. Computational epidemiology Application of computer science to epidemiological studies. Representation of disease by mathematical models and the use of expert systems. (formulating disease control strategies. , predicting animals productivity. Supporting management decisions)
  • 2. Epidemiological subdisciplines 3. Genetic epidemiology Genetic epidemiology is the study of the cause, distribution and control of disease in related individuals, and of inherited defects in populations. Also explore Interactions between genetic and non- genetic factors. 4. Field epidemiology Field epidemiology is a timely, judgmental process based on description, analysis, common sense and the need to design practical control policies When outbreaks of foot-and –mouth disease occur, field epidemiologists promptly trace potential sources of infection in an attempt to limit spread of the disease.
  • 3. Epidemiological subdisciplines 5. Participatory epidemiology  1980 with development of veterinary services, animals were economically and socially important, use of local knowledge to gain information, with the main goal of improving animal health  Techniques that are employed evolved in the social science, and consist of simple visual methods and interviews to generate qualitative data  “Participatory epidemiology” it is a tool for the field epidemiologist, which is increasingly used in developing counties. Is concerned with local knowledge of, and practices relating to, the health of animals.
  • 4. Epidemiological subdisciplines 6. Molecular epidemiology  Study of small genetic and antigenic differences between viruses and other microorganisms at a higher level of discrimination  The methods include peptide mapping, nucleic acid ‘fingerprinting’ and hybridization, restriction enzyme analysis, monoclonal antibodies and the polymerase chain reaction  Nucleotide sequencing of foot-and–mouth that some outbreaks of the disease involved vicinal strains, suggesting that improper inactivation or escape of virus from vaccine production plants. Unrestricted animals movement is a major factor in dissemination of the disease in West Africa.
  • 5. Subdisciplines of Epidemiology  Environmental Epidemiology: concerned with the relationship between disease and environmental factors such as industrial pollution and occupational hazards  Micro-Epidemiology: study of disease in a small group of individuals with respect to factors that influence its occurrence in larger segments of the population  Macro-Epidemiology : study of national patterns of disease, and the social, economic and political factors that influence them
  • 6. Subdisciplines of Epidemiology  Chronic disease epidemiology  Nutritional epidemiology  Subclinical epidemiology  Social epidemiology  Psychosocial epidemiology.
  • 7. Components of epidemiology The first stage in any investigation is the collection of relevant data. Investigations can be either qualitative or quantitative or a combination of these two approaches.  Qualitative investigations  Quantitative investigations
  • 8. Qualitative investigations  The natural history of disease  The ecology of diseases, including the distribution, mode of transmission and maintenance of infectious diseases, is investigated by field observation. Field observations also may reveal information about factors that may directly or indirectly cause disease.  Causal hypothesis testing  If filed observations suggest that certain factors may be causally associated with a disease, than the association must be assessed by formulation a causal hypothesis
  • 9. Quantitative investigations  Quantitative investigations involve measurement (e.g., the number of cases of disease), and therefore expression and analysis of numerical values. Quantitative investigations include surveys, monitoring and surveillance, studies, modeling, and the biological and economic evaluation of disease control. Walls of the research organization- ‘armchair epidemiology’.
  • 10. Surveys  A surveys is an examination of an aggregate of units.  Surveys can be undertaken on a sample of the population.  A census, a cross-sectional survey records events occurring at a particular point in time.  A longitudinal survey records events over a period of time. Prospectively form the present into the future; on may be a retrospective record of past events.  In epidemiological surveys, characteristics might include the presence of particular diseases, or production parameters such as milk yield.
  • 11. Screening  A particular type of diagnostic survey is screening. Identification of undiagnosed cases of disease using rapid tests or examination  Screening tests are not intended to be diagnostic; individuals with positive test results (i.e., that are classified as diseased by the screening test) usually require further investigation for definite diagnosis. They therefore differ from diagnostic tests.  Screening involves investigation of the total population (mass screening). Targeted at animals only in areas where there have been cases of disease (strategic screening). Prescriptive screening aims at early identification of diseases that can be controlled better if they are detected early in their pathogenesis.
  • 12. Monitoring and surveillance  Monitoring is the making of routine observations on health, productivity and environmental factors and the recording and transmission of these observations. Recording of milk yields or routine recording of meat inspection findings at abattoirs.  Surveillance is a more intensive form of data recording than monitoring. Used to describe the tracing and observation of people who were in contact with cases of infectious disease. Include all types of disease – infectious and non-infectious  It is normally part of control programmes for specific diseases.
  • 13. Studies  There are four main types of epidemiological study: 1. experimental studies; 2. cross-sectional studies; 3. case-control studies; 4. cohort studies.
  • 14.  Modelling Using mathematical equations ‘Modelling’.  Risk assessment Evaluation of the risk of the occurrence of adverse, development of formal methods of quantitative and quantitative risk assessment. e.g Microbiological risk assessment with food safely risks, and estimation of the magnitude of microbial exposure at various stages in the production chain (rearing on the farm; transport and processing; retail and storage; preparation) to campylobacter spp and salmonella spp.  Disease control The goal of epidemiology is to improve the veterinarian's knowledge so that diseases can be controlled effectively, and productivity thereby optimized. This can be fulfilled by treatment, prevention or eradication