science form 1 chapter 1

1. 1 1
Bab Chapter
Pengenalan Introduction to
kepada Sains Science
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ISTILAH ! WORD UP!
1
1
PENTING! BIG Picture!
• Luas – Area Area – Luas
Konsep • Daya graviti – Gravitational force The Gravitational force – Daya graviti
• Hipotesis – Hypothesis Hypothesis – Hipotesis
• Panjang – Length Length – Panjang
• Jisim – Mass Mass – Jisim
• Fenomena semula jadi – Natural Natural phenomena – Fenomena
phenomena semula jadi
• Isi padu – Volume Volume – Isi padu
• Berat – Weight Weight – Berat
Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR PMR Past-year Questions
Kertas 2 Paper 2
Tahun Kertas 1 Year Paper 1
Bhg. A Bhg. B Sec. A Sec. B
2005 S1 S1 2005 Q1
2006 S1 S1 2006 Q1
2007 S1, S2 S2
S1, 2007 Q1, Q2
2008 S1 S1 2008 Q1
2009 S1 S1 2009 Q1
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2. Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian 1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life
Aktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi DISCUSSION Science and natural phenomena
1.1 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual 1.1 Activity Contextual
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Mark (✓) in the boxes provided the natural phenomena.
Tandakan (✓) dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi.
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
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1
1
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory
Aktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus and their uses
1.2 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual
1.2 Activity Contextual
Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below.
Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod stand
Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask
Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel
Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel
Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Tabung uji Tabung didih Bikar Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri Test tube Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel
1.1 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian 1.2 HP • Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam 1.1 LO • Explain the importance of science in everyday life 1.2 LO • Use some common scientific apparatus in the
• Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan makmal • Make a list of things around you that are related to laboratory
dengan sains 2 science 2
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life 1.2 Knowing the safety precautions and apparatus in a science laboratory
DISCUSSION DISCUSSION
1.1 Activity 1 What are the occurrences in nature involving living things and non-living things called? (Natural 1.2 Activity 1 Name the apparatus that is used to
phenomena)
(a) hold small amounts of liquid (Test tube) (f) support apparatus such as beakers when
2 Give three examples of natural phenomena. (Lightning, melting of ice, flowers blossoming…) (b) measure a fixed volume of liquid (Pipette) heating them (Tripod stand)
3 Name the field of knowledge that relates to the world around us. (Science) (c) evaporate liquid (Evaporating dish) (g) measure temperature (Thermometer)
(d) measure the volume of a liquid (not accurate) (h) transfer liquid into a container (Filter funnel)
4 State three branches of science. (Physic, chemistry and biology) (Measuring cylinder) (i) hold a test tube when it is being heated. (Test
5 State three careers related to science. (Doctor, science teacher, biochemist…) (e) measure accurately the volume of a liquid tube holder)
(Pipette or burette) (j) pick up solid chemicals (Spatula)
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3. 11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Corong turas Balang gas Mangkuk penyejat Mangkuk pijar Takung kaca Filter funnel Gas jar Evaporating dish Crucible Glass trough
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16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20
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Kaki retort Kasa dawai Tungku kaki tiga Penunu Bunsen Rod kaca Retort stand Wire gauze Tripod stand Bunsen burner Glass rod
Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.3 Memahami langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation
Aktiviti Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik DISCUSSION Steps in a scientific investigation
1.3 PERBINCANGAN Masteri
1.3 Activity Mastery
KBSB TSTS
Susun mengikut urutan yang betul bagi langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik. • Membuat urutan Arrange in the correct sequence the steps in a scientific investigation. • Arranging
• Merancang penyiasatan • Menganalisis data • Teori sains • Plan the investigation • Analyse data • Science theory
• Membuat hipotesis • Mengumpul data • Membuat laporan • Make hypothesis • Collect data • Make report
• Menjalankan eksperimen • Membuat kesimpulan • Mengenal pasti masalah • Conduct experiment • Make conclusions • Identify problem
• Hipotesis • Mentafsirkan data • Mengawal pemboleh ubah • Hypothesis • Interpret data • Control variables
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Mengenal pasti Merancang Mengawal Plan the
Membuat hipotesis Identify problem Make hypothesis Control variables
masalah penyiasatan pemboleh ubah investigation
Jika hipotesis Menjalankan eksperimen If hypothesis is
ditolak Conduct experiment
wrong
untuk menguji hipotesis to test hypothesis
• Mengumpul data • Collect data
• Menganalisis data • Analyse data
• Mentafsirkan data • Interpret data
Jika hipotesis diterima, If hypothesis is right,
teori sains • Membuat kesimpulan science theory
Membuat laporan • Make conclusions
dibina Make report
is built
1.3 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
3 3
1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation 5 An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between time and temperature. The results obtained
DISCUSSION are recorded in the table below. State the types of variables shown by the time and the temperature.
1.3 Activity 1 What can be formed if a hypothesis is accepted after going through experiments? (Theory)
2 What can be done if the hypothesis formed is rejected? (A new hypothesis has to be formed) Time Temperature
DISCUSSION 10 35
1.4 Activity 3 State two types of variables that are required to be related during the formation of a hypothesis.
(Manipulated variable and responding variable) 20 45
GUIDED
1.5 Experiment PEKA 4 State three types of variables. (Manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed/constant/controlled Time: …………………… (Variable that is manipulated)
variable)
Temperature : …………………… (Variable that responds)
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4. Aktiviti Membuat hipotesis dan mengawal pemboleh ubah DISCUSSION Making hypothesis and controlling variables
1.4 PERBINCANGAN Masteri
1.4 Activity Mastery
BAHAGIAN SECTION
A A
benang string
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dapat bandul Variable that is manipulated and that responds can be determined from pendulum
ditentukan daripada jadual atau graf bagi suatu penyiasatan saintifik. the table or the graph of a scientific investigation.
Tentukan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dalam ruang yang disediakan di Determined the variable that is manipulated and that responds in the space provided below. Then,
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bawah. Kemudian, hubung kaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah yang relate the variable that is manipulated and that responds to form a hypothesis.
bergerak balas untuk membentuk satu hipotesis.
(a) Variable that is manipulated (b) Variable that responds
(a) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan (b) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas (change)
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1
(berubah) Time taken for
10 complete oscillations/s
Masa bagi 10 ayunan
Panjang bandul/cm 10 20 30 40 50 lengkap/s Length of pendulum/cm 10 20 30 40 50
Masa bagi 10 Time taken for 10
complete oscillations/s Variable that is
ayunan lengkap/s Pemboleh ubah yang manipulated
dimanipulasikan
responds
Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas Variable that
Length of the
(keputusan/pemerhatian) (result/observation) pendulum/cm
Panjang bandul/cm
INFERENS Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. INFERENCE The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete
oscillations.
Petunjuk: pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan mempengaruhi pemboleh ubah
bergerak balas Hint: manipulated variable affects the responding variable
HIPOTESIS Semakin panjang/pendek bandul, semakin panjang/pendek HYPOTHESIS The longer/shorter the length of pendulum, the longer/shorter
masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.
Petunujuk: mengaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah Hint: relate the manipulated variable with the responding variable
yang bergerak balas
BAHAGIAN SECTION B
B 2006 Bhg. B, S8(c) 2006 Sec. B, Q8(c)
Satu penyiasatan dijalankan untuk mengkaji panjang tapak tangan bagi tiga orang budak lelaki pada An investigation is carried out to study the length of palms of three boys of different ages. The results of
umur yang berlainan. Keputusan penyiasatan ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. the investigation are shown in the table below.
Panjang tapak tangan/cm Length of palms/cm
Length of the
16 Age of boys/year
Umur budak Panjang tapak palms/cm 16
lelaki/tahun tangan/cm 14 1 6 14
1 6 6 10
12 12
6 10 13 16
10 10
13 16
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual di atas, lukis
satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan panjang tapak
8 (a) Based on the results in the table above, draw a 8
tangan bagi budak lelaki yang berlainan. bar chart to show the length of palms of
6 6
different boys.
(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang
4 (b) State the variable that 4
(i) dimanipulasikan: Umur budak lelaki
2
(i) is manipulated: Age of boy
(ii) bergerak balas: Panjang tapak tangan 2
(ii) responds: Length of the palms
0 0
1 6 13 1 6 13
Umur budak lelaki/tahun Age of boys/year
1.4 HP • Menyatakan langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
1.4 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
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5. Eksperimen PEKA Mereka bentuk dan menjalankan eksperimen GUIDED Designing and carrying out an experiment
1.5 TERBIMBING Inkuiri-penemuan
1.5 Experiment PEKA Inquiry-discovery
Anda diberikan bahan dan radas serta maklumat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Anda You are given materials, apparatus and information as shown in the diagram below. Design and carry
dikehendaki mereka bentuk dan menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji bagaimana panjang out an experiment to study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation.
suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya.
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string
benang
A B A B
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1
retort
kaki stand
retort
pendulum
bandul one complete oscillation
satu ayunan lengkap
(pergerakan dari A ke B (movement from A to B
dan kemudian kembali and then back again to A)
semula ke A)
TUJUAN Mengkaji bagaimana panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya AIM To study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation
PERNYATAAN
MASALAH Bagaimanakah panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya? PROBLEM
STATEMENT How does the length of a simple pendulum affect its period of oscillation?
HIPOTESIS Semakin pendek bandul ringkas, semakin pendek tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas.
E1C11 HYPOTHESIS The shorter the length of the pendulum, the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillations.
E1C11
PEMBOLEH (a) yang dimalarkan: Bilangan ayunan
UBAH (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Panjang bandul ringkas E1C10 VARIABLE (a) that is kept constant: Number of oscillation
(c) yang bergerak balas: Tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas/Tempoh ayunan (b) that is manipulated: Length of the simple pendulum E1C10
BAHAN (c) that responds: Time for 10 oscillations/Periods of oscillation
Bandul, benang
MATERIALS Pendulum, string
RADAS Kaki retort dan pengapit, pembaris meter, jam randik
APPARATUS Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, stopwatch
PROSEDUR 1 Sediakan satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm.
2 Tarik bandul pada suatu kedudukan, kemudian lepaskan. PROCEDURE 1 Prepare a simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread.
3 Catatkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dalam jadual. 2 Pull the pendulum to one side, then release.
4 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-beza 3 Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations in a table.
seperti dalam jadual. 4 Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown in the
5 Lukis graf yang menunjukkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan masa pada ruang table.
yang disediakan. 5 Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length of pendulum for 10 complete
CARA KERJA oscillations.
1 Satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm disediakan.
STEPS 1 A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was prepared.
2 Bandul ditarik pada suatu kedudukan kemudian dilepaskan.
3 Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dicatat dalam jadual. 2 The pendulum was pulled to one side, then it was released.
4 Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza- 3 The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was recorded in a table.
beza seperti dalam jadual. 4 The experiment was repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown
5 Graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap lawan panjang bandul dilukis. in the table.
5 A graph showing the time taken for 10 complete oscillations versus the length of
pendulum was drawn.
1.5 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Contoh 2, 1.5 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
saintifik Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Example 2,
hlm. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, • Carry out a scientific investigation p. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, p. 8
• Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik
5 hlm. 8 5
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6. KEPUTUSAN RESULTS
Eksperimen Panjang bandul ringkas/cm Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s Experiment Length of simple pendulum/cm Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s
E1 E1
C 1 10 8.8 C 1 10 8.8
3 3
4 2 20 13.2 4 2 20 13.2
5 5
6 3 30 16.5 6 3 30 16.5
7 7
8 4 40 18.4 8 4 40 18.4
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10
11 5 50 20.0 11 5 50 20.0
S S
(Jawapan pelajar) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14 (Student’s answers) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14
1
1
ANALISIS 1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa bagi bandul panjang dan bandul pendek untuk ANALYSIS 1 State the difference in the time taken for a long pendulum and a short pendulum to
melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. make 10 complete oscillations.
E2 Bandul yang lebih panjang/pendek mengambil masa yang lebih E2 A longer/shorter pendulum takes a longer/shorter time to
C C make 10 complete oscillations. E1C8 E2C15
panjang/pendek untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C8 E2C15
14 14
15 2 Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini? 15 2 What inference can be made for this experiment?
16
Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. 16 The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.
S S
TSTS E1C4
KBSB E1C4
• Making inference
• Membuat inferens
3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam 3 Based on the results in the table,
jadual, plotkan graf masa bagi plot a graph of the time taken to
10 ayunan lengkap melawan panjang make 10 complete oscillations
bandul. against the length of the pendulum.
Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s
20
4 Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang 20 4 State the relationship between the
bandul dengan masa bagi 10 ayunan length of the pendulum and the time
Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s
lengkap. taken for 10 complete oscillations.
Semakin panjang/pendek longer/shorter
15 15 The the
bandul semakin panjang/pendek length of the pendulum, the
masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C7 longer/shorter the time
10 10 taken for 10 complete oscillations.
5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagi
E1C7
satu 60 cm panjang bandul untuk
melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. 5 Predict the time taken for a 60 cm
5 22 s (lebih daripada 20 s) 5
long pendulum to make 10 complete
E1C5 oscillations.
22 s (more than 20 s)
KPS
10 20 30 40 50 • Meramalkan 10 20 30 40 50 E1C5
SPS
Panjang bandul/cm Length of the pendulum/cm
• Predicting
E1C6 E2C15 E1C6 E2C15
KESIMPULAN 1 Hipotesis adalah diterima . E2C16 CONCLUSION 1 The hypothesis is accepted . E2C16
2 Masa yang diambil untuk bandul ringkas membuat satu ayunan lengkap meningkat 2 The time taken for the simple pendulum to make one complete oscillation
dengan panjang bandul. E2C16 increases with the length of the pendulum. E2C16
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7. Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective
1.4 Mengetahui kuantiti fizik dan unitnya 1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units
Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dan unit SI
DISCUSSION Physical quantities and the SI units
1.6 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.6 Activity Mastery
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Introduction to Science
Chapter 1
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan unit SI dan simbol unit. Based on the given information, complete the table below with suitable SI units and its symbol.
Saat Meter Kilogram Kelvin Ampere Second Metre Kilogram Kelvin Ampere
A K m kg s A K m kg s
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Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Simbol unit Physical quantity SI unit Symbol
Panjang Meter m Length Metre m
Jisim Kilogram kg Mass Kilogram kg
1
1
Suhu Kelvin K Temperature Kelvin K
Arus elektrik Ampere A Electric current Ampere A
Masa Saat s Time Second s
Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dalam bentuk imbuhan dan bentuk piawai THINKING Physical quantities in the prefix and standard forms
1.7 BERFIKIR Masteri
1.7 Activity Mastery
1 Tulis nilai imbuhan bagi imbuhan dalam Jadual (a). Kemudian, tukar nilai kuantiti fizik yang diberi 1 Write the prefix value of prefixes in Table (a). Then, change the value of the physical quantity given to
kepada bentuk piawai dalam Jadual (b). the standard form in Table (b).
1 mm = 1 000 μm 1 mm = 1 000 μm
1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 10 mm
1m = 100 cm 1m = 100 cm
1 km = 1 000 m 1 km = 1 000 m
1 Mm = 1 000 000 m 1 Mm = 1 000 000 m
1 kg = 1 000 g 1 kg = 1 000 g
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Imbuhan Nilai imbuhan Nilai kuantiti fizik Bentuk piawai Prefix Prefix value Value of physical quantity Standard form
mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m
kilo 1 000 kilo 1 000
0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m 0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m
desi 0.1 deci 0.1
800 000 m 8 × 105 m 800 000 m 8 × 105 m
senti 0.01 centi 0.01
mili 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m milli 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m
mikro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m micro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m
Jadual (a) Jadual (b) Table (a) Table (b)
2 Tukar nilai kuantiti fizik di bawah kepada nilai imbuhan. 2 Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms.
(a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm (a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm
(b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km (b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km
(c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm (c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm
1.6 HP • Menyatakan kuantiti fizik: panjang, jisim, masa, suhu 1.7 HP • Menyatakan simbol dan nilai imbuhan bagi unit 1.6 LO • State physical quantities: length, mass, time, 1.7 LO • State the symbols and values of prefixes for units of
dan arus elektrik panjang dan jisim: mili-, senti-, dan kilo- temperature and electric current length and mass: milli-, centi-, and kilo-
• Menyatakan unit SI dan simbol yang berkaitan 7 • Mengenal pasti dan menggunakan imbuhan yang
sesuai dalam pengukuran panjang dan jisim
• State the SI units and the corresponding symbols for
these physical quantities
7 • Identify and use appropriate prefixes in the
measurement of length and mass
dengan kuantiti fizik ini
1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units 3 State the prefix value of
DISCUSSION
(a) kilo (1 000)
1.6 Activity 1 State the SI unit and the symbol of (b) mega (1 000 000)
(a) mass (Kilogram, kg) (d) temperature (Kelvin, K) (c) deci (0.1)
(b) length (Metre, m) (e) electric current (Ampere, A) (d) milli (0.001)
(c) time (Second, s) 4 Give the standard form of 1 000 km (1 x 103 km)
THINKING
1.7 Activity 2 Give the symbol of the prefix of 5 Give in the prefix form of 5 000 g (5 kg)
(a) mega (M)
(b) kilo (k)
(c) centi (c)
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