6. Water is simple?
• Density anomalies: ice lighter than water
• Unusual thermodynamical properties
• 15 known phases of water!
• One of the best known solvents
Water remains an intense area of research
9. Effect of Thyroxine 30x on
frog metamorphosis
• Tadpoles were treated with
Thyroxine 30x
• The number of animals having• The number of animals having
entered 4-legged stage was
counted
• Experiments were blinded
Gerhard Lingg and P. C. Endler Int J High Dilution Research 2011 10(37)
10. Effect of Thyroxine 30x on
frog metamorphosis
70% measuring point
Frequencyof4leggedtadpoles
Results reproduced by 5 researchers in 20 sub-experiments
From C Endler, private communication
Time (Days)
N = 1650/group
p < 0.01*
Frequencyof4leggedtadpoles
11. Effect of Thyroxine 30x on
frog metamorphosis
Sealed Vials
Endler etal Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 259-260. 1995
13. Effect of potentized gibberellic acid
30x on wheat seedlings
• Stalk length after 1 wk
• 3 experimental groups:
– Water
– Succussed water 30x
– Gibberellic acid 30x
• Number of shoots > 2000
14. Effect of potentized gibberellic acid
30x on wheat seedlings
Recent results from Endler’s lab
• Germination rate showed no difference
• Verum stalk length was 8.35% smaller
than control (W 30x)
• Statistically highly significant p < 0.001
• Reproduced 4 times
Pfleger et al Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2011) 19, 164—169
15. Basophil degranulation experiments
• Release of cell contents
• Induced by anti-IgE
• Inhibited by histamine• Inhibited by histamine
• Investigate effect of high-
dilution of histamine
• Measured by flow cytometryHuman basophil
stained by Alcian blue
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
16. Basophil degranulation experiments
6C 15C 30C
Effect of histamine dilutions from 10-10 to 10-120 M
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
Reproduced 8 times
18. Benveniste
Digibio : Digital Biology
• Coagulation rates are reduced by
presence of thrombin inhibitor
Movie
• Use digitized thrombin inhibitor
• Measured by optical density
Prof J Benveniste
19. Benveniste
Digibio : Digital Biology
p < 0.0001
, water
, water exposed to water signal
, water exposed to digitized signal
Experiments performed by Jamal Aissa (experimenter in Benveniste’s lab)
Jonas, etal (2006). "Can specific biological signals be digitized?". FASEB Journal 20 (1): 23–28.
20. Results from Montagnier
• Properties of high-dilutions
– Not affected by chemical solvents
– Not affected by digestive enzymes
– Sensitive to freezing– Sensitive to freezing
– Heat
– Have characteristic EM signal
• ‘Cross-talk’
– A blank water sample can ‘pick-up’ signal from
active homeopathic sample
Prof L Montagnier
21. Effect on Enzymatic Reactions
Starch Maltose
α-amylase
Starch Maltose
Merc Cor
30C
1.6 x faster
P < 0.01
Sukul Homeopathy (2002) 91, 217–220
22. UV Spectroscopy
Group of Roy report differences
UV spectra Nux Vom vs Nat Mur
Rao etal Homeopathy (2007) 96, 175–182
Group of Roy report differences
between UV spectra of different
remedies
25. Summary from experiments
What do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
26. Water structures
- Memory
- Potentisation
- Bioactive
?
THEORY #1: Quantum Coherence
THEORY #2: Dipole Theory
33. Conclusions
• There are a few well established experiments
which show consistent reproducibility
• There is evidence for the presence of novel
water structureswater structures
• These water structures could have all the
required properties to explain homeopathy
• Area is still in its infancy and needs a lot more
work
34. Summary from experiments
What do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
35. Effect of potentized gibberellic acid
17x on dwarf peas
• shoot length stimulation of +11.2%
• p value highly significant p = 0.007
Baumgartner etal Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2008) 16, 183—191
Reproduced 3 times
36. Predictions from Dr Lo
• Formation of stable water structures
• Due to the presence of charged particles in
the water
• 10 Å in diameter or more• 10 Å in diameter or more
• Clusters of such structures could be 100 to
1000 nm in diameter
38. THEORY #1
Quantum Coherence Domains
Richard Feynman (1918 – 88) Giuliano Preparata (1942-2000)
Emilio Del Guidice
Quantum Electrodynamics
Magnetic Field Coherence domains
39. EM Properties of
Coherence Domains
• Able to store EM information
• Require an external magnetic field for stability
• Biologically relevant size
• Tend to aggregate
• 25 % volume of water
