SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  27
Planning and Organizing Business Management Chapter 13 Mrs. Walton
Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vocabulary Power ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Planning Function
Elements of a Business Plan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elements of a Business Plan (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Levels of Planning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategic Planning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategic Planning (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operational Planning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planning Tools ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Goals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Budget ,[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules ,[object Object],[object Object]
Standards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Procedures ,[object Object],[object Object]
Research ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Organizing Function Role of the Organizational Chart
Role of the Organizational Chart ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elements of the Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of a Good Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Organizational Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Line Organization ,[object Object],President Production Manager Sales  Manager Controller Assistant  Sales Manager Branch Manager  Branch Manager Branch Manager
Line and Staff Organization ,[object Object],[object Object]
Matrix Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Team Organization ,[object Object],[object Object]
Improving Business Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Leadership Development Presentation
Leadership Development PresentationLeadership Development Presentation
Leadership Development Presentation
 
People Management 101
People Management 101People Management 101
People Management 101
 
Team Building Presentation
Team Building PresentationTeam Building Presentation
Team Building Presentation
 
Effective leadership
Effective leadershipEffective leadership
Effective leadership
 
Leadership & leadership skills
Leadership & leadership skillsLeadership & leadership skills
Leadership & leadership skills
 
planning
planningplanning
planning
 
Leadership skills & team building
Leadership skills & team buildingLeadership skills & team building
Leadership skills & team building
 
Team Building
Team BuildingTeam Building
Team Building
 
Supervisory skills training 2017 final
Supervisory skills training 2017 finalSupervisory skills training 2017 final
Supervisory skills training 2017 final
 
types of planning
types of planningtypes of planning
types of planning
 
Team Building Presentation
Team Building PresentationTeam Building Presentation
Team Building Presentation
 
Organizational Culture
Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture
Organizational Culture
 
Leadership Skills
Leadership SkillsLeadership Skills
Leadership Skills
 
Managerial roles
Managerial rolesManagerial roles
Managerial roles
 
Leadership (principles of management)
Leadership (principles of management)Leadership (principles of management)
Leadership (principles of management)
 
Principles and practices of Management
Principles and practices of ManagementPrinciples and practices of Management
Principles and practices of Management
 
Business Leadership
Business LeadershipBusiness Leadership
Business Leadership
 
Leadership and management Skills
Leadership and management Skills Leadership and management Skills
Leadership and management Skills
 
Manager and management
Manager and managementManager and management
Manager and management
 
Leadership
LeadershipLeadership
Leadership
 

Similaire à Planning and organizing

BPM, EPM - IBANK
BPM, EPM - IBANKBPM, EPM - IBANK
BPM, EPM - IBANKibankuk
 
Managerial planning and goal setting
Managerial planning and goal settingManagerial planning and goal setting
Managerial planning and goal settingyouji
 
Introduction to managment groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...
Introduction to managment   groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...Introduction to managment   groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...
Introduction to managment groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...Diego Thomas
 
Business Performance Management
Business Performance ManagementBusiness Performance Management
Business Performance ManagementSeta Wicaksana
 
planning-_process_and_techniques.ppt
planning-_process_and_techniques.pptplanning-_process_and_techniques.ppt
planning-_process_and_techniques.pptVELMURUGANM19
 
Managerial Planning and Goal Setting
Managerial Planning and Goal SettingManagerial Planning and Goal Setting
Managerial Planning and Goal Settingmandalina landy
 
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdf
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdfCh 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdf
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdfmuhammadkhan13210
 
The balanced scorecard method - strategy
The balanced scorecard method - strategyThe balanced scorecard method - strategy
The balanced scorecard method - strategySushovan Bej
 
Balanced Scorecard in HRM
Balanced Scorecard in HRMBalanced Scorecard in HRM
Balanced Scorecard in HRMHrhelp board
 
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing Turnover
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing TurnoverOrganizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing Turnover
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing TurnoverAngelshoot
 
3600planning
3600planning3600planning
3600planningknksmart
 
Strategic management
Strategic managementStrategic management
Strategic managementWaleed Ahmad
 
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docx
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docxSeminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docx
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docxtcarolyn
 

Similaire à Planning and organizing (20)

BPM, EPM - IBANK
BPM, EPM - IBANKBPM, EPM - IBANK
BPM, EPM - IBANK
 
Managerial planning and goal setting
Managerial planning and goal settingManagerial planning and goal setting
Managerial planning and goal setting
 
Introduction to managment groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...
Introduction to managment   groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...Introduction to managment   groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...
Introduction to managment groups g-i - organizational planning and goal set...
 
Business Performance Management
Business Performance ManagementBusiness Performance Management
Business Performance Management
 
planning-_process_and_techniques.ppt
planning-_process_and_techniques.pptplanning-_process_and_techniques.ppt
planning-_process_and_techniques.ppt
 
Lesson 5 3
Lesson 5 3Lesson 5 3
Lesson 5 3
 
Chap05
Chap05Chap05
Chap05
 
Chap05
Chap05Chap05
Chap05
 
Managerial Planning and Goal Setting
Managerial Planning and Goal SettingManagerial Planning and Goal Setting
Managerial Planning and Goal Setting
 
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdf
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdfCh 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdf
Ch 6 - FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.pdf
 
Organizational Planning & Goal Setting
Organizational Planning & Goal SettingOrganizational Planning & Goal Setting
Organizational Planning & Goal Setting
 
Performance management framework
Performance management frameworkPerformance management framework
Performance management framework
 
Strategic Management
Strategic ManagementStrategic Management
Strategic Management
 
The balanced scorecard method - strategy
The balanced scorecard method - strategyThe balanced scorecard method - strategy
The balanced scorecard method - strategy
 
Balanced Scorecard in HRM
Balanced Scorecard in HRMBalanced Scorecard in HRM
Balanced Scorecard in HRM
 
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing Turnover
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing TurnoverOrganizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing Turnover
Organizational Restructuring: Achieving Results by Reducing Turnover
 
3600planning
3600planning3600planning
3600planning
 
Strategic management
Strategic managementStrategic management
Strategic management
 
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docx
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docxSeminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docx
Seminar in Strategic-3 Management-V3BAjay K. Garg604-648-4.docx
 
Business planning
Business planningBusiness planning
Business planning
 

Plus de Iva Walton

Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorship
Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorshipChapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorship
Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorshipIva Walton
 
Marketing in today’s world 8part2
Marketing in today’s world 8part2Marketing in today’s world 8part2
Marketing in today’s world 8part2Iva Walton
 
08 production dist-operations
08 production dist-operations08 production dist-operations
08 production dist-operationsIva Walton
 
Chapter 8 the six column work sheet
Chapter 8 the six column work sheetChapter 8 the six column work sheet
Chapter 8 the six column work sheetIva Walton
 
Planning & decision making
Planning & decision makingPlanning & decision making
Planning & decision makingIva Walton
 
Management functions and decision making
Management functions and decision makingManagement functions and decision making
Management functions and decision makingIva Walton
 
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accounts
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accountsChapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accounts
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accountsIva Walton
 
07 mkt goods&services
07 mkt goods&services07 mkt goods&services
07 mkt goods&servicesIva Walton
 
The manager as a leader
The manager as a leaderThe manager as a leader
The manager as a leaderIva Walton
 
06 foundation intlbus
06 foundation intlbus06 foundation intlbus
06 foundation intlbusIva Walton
 
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journal
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journalChapter 6 recording transactions in a general journal
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journalIva Walton
 
Culture and Diversity in Business
Culture and Diversity in BusinessCulture and Diversity in Business
Culture and Diversity in BusinessIva Walton
 
05 economics&ethics
05 economics&ethics05 economics&ethics
05 economics&ethicsIva Walton
 
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, and
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, andChapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, and
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, andIva Walton
 
Human resources management
Human resources managementHuman resources management
Human resources managementIva Walton
 
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, and
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, andChapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, and
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, andIva Walton
 
Organizational structures
Organizational structuresOrganizational structures
Organizational structuresIva Walton
 
03 bus ops&org
03 bus ops&org03 bus ops&org
03 bus ops&orgIva Walton
 

Plus de Iva Walton (20)

Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorship
Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorshipChapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorship
Chapter 9 financial statements for a sole proprietorship
 
Marketing in today’s world 8part2
Marketing in today’s world 8part2Marketing in today’s world 8part2
Marketing in today’s world 8part2
 
08 production dist-operations
08 production dist-operations08 production dist-operations
08 production dist-operations
 
Chapter 8 the six column work sheet
Chapter 8 the six column work sheetChapter 8 the six column work sheet
Chapter 8 the six column work sheet
 
Planning & decision making
Planning & decision makingPlanning & decision making
Planning & decision making
 
Management functions and decision making
Management functions and decision makingManagement functions and decision making
Management functions and decision making
 
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accounts
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accountsChapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accounts
Chapter 7 posting journal entries to general ledger accounts
 
07 mkt goods&services
07 mkt goods&services07 mkt goods&services
07 mkt goods&services
 
The manager as a leader
The manager as a leaderThe manager as a leader
The manager as a leader
 
Ethics 101
Ethics 101Ethics 101
Ethics 101
 
06 foundation intlbus
06 foundation intlbus06 foundation intlbus
06 foundation intlbus
 
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journal
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journalChapter 6 recording transactions in a general journal
Chapter 6 recording transactions in a general journal
 
Culture and Diversity in Business
Culture and Diversity in BusinessCulture and Diversity in Business
Culture and Diversity in Business
 
05 economics&ethics
05 economics&ethics05 economics&ethics
05 economics&ethics
 
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, and
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, andChapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, and
Chapter 5 transactions that affect revenue, expenses, and
 
Human resources management
Human resources managementHuman resources management
Human resources management
 
04 fin plan
04 fin plan04 fin plan
04 fin plan
 
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, and
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, andChapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, and
Chapter 4 transactions that effect assets, liabilities, and
 
Organizational structures
Organizational structuresOrganizational structures
Organizational structures
 
03 bus ops&org
03 bus ops&org03 bus ops&org
03 bus ops&org
 

Dernier

Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptx
Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptxMusic 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptx
Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptxleah joy valeriano
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfTechSoup
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4JOYLYNSAMANIEGO
 
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designMIPLM
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfPatidar M
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17Celine George
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptxmary850239
 
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsFood processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsManeerUddin
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSJoshuaGantuangco2
 
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)cama23
 
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice greatEarth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice greatYousafMalik24
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4MiaBumagat1
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for BeginnersSabitha Banu
 

Dernier (20)

Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptx
Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptxMusic 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptx
Music 9 - 4th quarter - Vocal Music of the Romantic Period.pptx
 
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxFINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
 
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
 
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
 
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture honsFood processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
Food processing presentation for bsc agriculture hons
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
 
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
 
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice greatEarth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
Earth Day Presentation wow hello nice great
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
 
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
 
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
 

Planning and organizing

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Planning must be done carefully in order to make the best decisions about starting and managing a business. Poor planning could result in huge losses and failure of the business. The correct decision could result in a much larger business, higher profits and a great deal of personal satisfaction. One way to plan is to develop a business plan
  2. Careful planning encourages managers to be more specific and objective in their decisions