From Isabella and Ferdinand to the Spanish Armada, Discovery of America and Portuguese Empires

1. • Home work
• Page 404-413

2. Jack Garrity

3. • Home Work
• Pg 413 # 1-3

5. Jack Garrity

6. Motives and Means
• Portugal and Spain first rose to new
economic heights through worldwide
trading activity.

7. An Earlier European Explorer
Marco Polo 1271 The Travels

8. • The Arabs had dominated international shipping
since the 8th Century. Their Doha ships with lateen
sail could sail against the wind.

10. Motives for Portugal and Spain
“God, glory , and gold!”
1. God  convert people to
Christianity called missionaries.
2. Glory fame, adventure, fun and
danger.
3. Gold  trade, spices, tea; by-pass
Ottomans to get to China.

11. • After 1453, Europeans had big
economic motives to find another way
to Asia.

12. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

13. • Portugal won its independence from the Muslim
Empire during the 2nd Crusade (1145–1149).

14. Portugal
• Its’ geography influenced the development
of ships.

15. Portugal
• Its’ geography influenced the development
of ships.

16. Prince Henry, the Navigator
1394-1460
Developed ships to destroy Muslim pirates,
and search for African gold.

17. Prince Henry, the Navigator
In 1419, he opened a School for Navigation
at Sagres.

18. In Latin “Sagres” means : the end of
the world where the waters of the
ocean boil at sunset.
Sagres

19. Sagres
• Henry supported a
school of brilliant
scholars from all over
Europe; Jews,
Germans, English,
French, and Italian
people.

20. New Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass

21. Sextant

22. New Weapons Technology

23. • Henry's first success
was the discovery of
the small island of
Porto Santo.
• Later, he discovered
and colonized the
Azores.

24. Portuguese Voyages of
Exploration
Ottoman
Empire
Portugal
Bartolomeo Dias 1487
Vasco da Gama, 1498
Alfonso de Albuquerque 1511

25. • The Portuguese took over trade route that had
been established by the Muslim Empire.

26. • The South Saharan
Africans traded
gold for salt.

27. • Slaves cut salt into slabs
north of the Sahara, and
shipped it south of the
Sahara.

28. • Lands south of the Sahara had gold deposits.
Scholars estimate that by the 15th Century, they
exported 9 tons of gold annually to Europe.

29. • Slaves, the next biggest export, filled the
homes of Muslims everywhere.
• At least 4 million people enslaved from 650-
1500.

30. • The slave trade became more
lucrative as Spain discovered then
colonized South America.

31. • 2. Bartholomew Dias sailed to the tip of
Africa(Cape of Good Hope) in 1487.

32. • 3. Vasco da Gama arrived in Calcutta in
1498.

33. • 3. He filled his ships with spices.

34. • He returned to Portugal and made a profit
of several thousand percent!

35. • Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque claimed
Malacca.

36. • Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque sunk
Muslim ships everywhere he sailed.

37. Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of
Africa.
2. Bartolommeo Dias, 1487 Cape of
Good Hope.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut India.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque,
Macau 1511 to Spice Islands.

38. By 1700, Portugal had built up an economic
empire much larger than itself.

39. By 1700, Portugal did not have the power, the
people, nor the desire to colonize the Asian
regions.

40. • While Portugal sailed around Africa, the
Spanish sailed west across the Atlantic
Ocean.

41. Christian Spain slowly won its
independence from the Muslim
Empire.
Muslim Empire

42. • Muslim Empire

43. Christian Spain slowly won its
independence from the Muslim
Empire.
Muslim Empire

44. Called the Reconquista.
Muslim Empire

45. Queen Isabella of Castile (1451 – 1504)
• completed the reconquista, and unified
Spain by marrying Ferdinand of Aragon.

46. Queen Isabella of Castile
• In 1491, she laid siege to Granada,
which surrendered at the end of the
year.

47. Queen Isabella of Castile
• By January 1492, Muhammad XII
surrendered and Isabella entered
Granada ending Muslim rule (Moors).

48. Queen Isabella of Castile
• The principal mosque was made into
a Catholic Church.

49. • Three months later, Queen Isabella agreed to
sponsor Christopher Columbus (Genoa Italy) to
reach Asia by sailing west

50. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Columbus argued the distance from Spain
to Japan as 3,700 km, the correct figure
19,600 km.

51. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
“Nothing that results
from human progress
is achieved through
unanimous consent,
those that are
enlightened before
others are condemned
to purse that light in
spite of others”

52. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

53. • 71 days later…...

54. Columbus’ Four Voyages

55. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
• Isabella appointed Columbus governor of
the “New World”.

56. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
• However, Isabella had him arrested in put
in jail, after Columbus suggested that the
noble class should work, and the new world
failed to send back lots of gold.

57. • In 1502, Isabella released him and he
sailed to Central America.

58. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

59. Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c

60. Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”

61. • Of course the “New World” was not
really new, millions of people lived
there. .Pre-ColumbianHistory.pptx

62. Fernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
Conquistadors

63. Fernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
Montezuma II
vs.

64. The Death of Montezuma II

65. Mexico Surrenders to
Cortez

66. Francisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.

67. Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the Americas

68. Soon, Spain’s empire stretched to
Asia as it conquered the Philippines

69. Priests went with the conquistadors
to convert people to the Roman
Catholic Church.

70. The Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Spanish Mission

71. The Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Spanish Mission

72. Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!

73. Economy of Colonization
• Spain set up colonies wherever they went.

74. • Colony : a settlement of people living in a
new territory, linked with the parent
country by trade and direct government
control.

75. Slave labor needed
• The conquistadors set up huge
plantations in the new world.

76. • Isabella granted Cortez 4,879 km2 of
land, including ownership of all natives
living on the land, an ecomienda.

77. • You could become very rich by growing
tobacco, sugar, and later cotton, which
need large amounts of labor.

78. Slaves wanted
• Also, they mined gold, silver, and
emeralds.

79. • They could not get Europeans to
work on them, and Native
Americans ran away.

80. Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill

81. Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade

82. The Slave Trade
1. Portuguese replaced Europeans and
Native Americans with African
slaves.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
2. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.

83. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

84. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

85. A frican Captives
T hrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!

89. Treasures
from the Americas!

90. Mercantilism
The economy of colonial system, an economy
plannedby the government.

91. Characteristics of Mercantilism
1. “Bullionism”  the economic health of a
nation could be measured by the amount of
precious metal [gold or silver] that it has.
– Gold and Silver are the source of prosperity,
prestige, and strength for a nation.
– Bullionism needs a “favorable balance of
trade.”
• Export more than you import [a trade
surplus].
 High tariffs on imported manufactured
good.
 Low tariffs on imported raw materials.
2. Each nation must try to achieve economic
self-sufficiency.
– The government should support new industries
monetarily.

92. Characteristics of Mercantilism
3. The government should support
farmers.
– Less of need to import foods.
– Prosperous farmers could provide a
base for taxation.
4. Sea power was necessary to control
foreign markets.
– Less need to use the ships of other
nations to carry your trade goods.
– Your own fleet adds to the power of
the nation.
5. Impose many internal taxes.

93. Characteristics of Mercantilism
6. Colonies provide markets for manufactured
goods & sources of raw materials.
7. Trade is a “zero-sum” game.
– A nation can gain in international trade only at
the expense of other nations.
Manufactured goods
Raw
materials
Mother
Country
Colony
Cheap labor

94. Characteristics of Mercantilism
8. A large population was needed to
provide a labor force and to settle
the colonies.
9. The government should act to
regulate and enforce economic
policies.
– State-sponsored trade monopolies.

95. 2. Spanish Society
• Remained primarily a feudal society,
supported by the Roman Catholic Church.

96. Three classes of people, those that
fought, those that prayed, and those
that worked.

97. Feudalism
A political, and social system based
on vassals (loyalty and military
service).
Military
service
Military
service

99. The Manorial System
• The economic system to produce
Conquistadors.

100. The Medieval Manor
A manor was an agricultural estate (fief) ruled by a knight
or lord and worked by serfs.

101. • Serfs were legally bound to the land.

102. • By 16th Century, probably 75 percent
of the people in Spain lived as serfs.
Serfdom would not be abolished in
Spain until the 19th Century.

103. • Lords knights had to
protect serfs.
• Free peasants had no
protection.

104. Those that work
• A serfs had to farm the
lord’s land for him as well
as their own land.
• Corvee: serfs had to work
for free for the lord,
usually 3 days a week.
• ie barns, ditches, castle
building.

105. Those that work
• Rent: had to give 20 percent of your
food to the lord,
• Fee: money or food to use the lord’s
pond, pasture, or woods.
• Fee to use the lord’s mill and oven to
make your bread.

106. Those that work
• Serfs could not leave the manor without
lord’s permission
• They could not marry without lords
permission.

107. Those that work
• Serfs also had to pay 10 percent of
everything to the Church

108. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

109. Manor Courts
• Local lords gave justice at a manor
court.

110. Nobles
Those that fought
• The nobles were the kings, dukes,
counts, barons, and even bishops and
archbishops with large estates holding
all political power.

111. Feudalism
A political, and social system based
on vassals (loyalty and military
service).
Military
service
Military
service

112. DukeMarque
Barron

113. Noble class
• A Vassal had to fight for a lord up to 40
days a year.
• They had to give advice to the lord.

114. • To become a vassal, a man performed
an act of homage, swearing an oath to
serve the lord.

115. • Nobles held their land (fief) by
hereditary. When a vassal died, the King
or lord would accept a vassal’s son’s
homage.

116. • Primogeniture: the oldest son
became the heir to a king or lord.

117. • A vassal had to pay the lord money
(relief) as he took over the fief.

118. Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s
eldest son became a knight, and his
eldest daughter married.

119. Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son
became a knight, and eldest daughter married.

120. Noble class
• Pay a ransom if the lord was captured.

121. Noble class
• Nobles and their vassals paid no
additional taxes, nor had to work.

122. Conquistadors
• The Roman Catholic Church taught
knights to be honest, loyal and true
defenders of the Church, weak, and
defenseless.

123. • Knights and lords settled matters by duals
defending their or other’s honor.

124. Clergy class
Those that prayed
• Each village had a church led by a
priest or group of priests. They taught
the nobles and the peasants.

125. Hierarchy of the
Roman Catholic
Church
Monks
Abbots
Head of the Order
Abbots
MonksMonks

126. • Bishops came from Noble families,
second and third sons of Lords.

127. Cardinals, Princes of the Church, elect the Pope and
make up the Curia (bureaucracy of the church) .

129. Three classes arose, those
that prayed, those that fought,
and those that worked.

130. Pope Urban II:Preaching a Crusade

131. Setting Out on Crusade

132. • Pope Urban II promised
crusader knights indulgences,
release from Purgatory into
Heaven.

133. ChristianCrusades: East andWest

134. • The 2nd Crusade against the Muslims
in Spain created the Christian state of
Portugal.

135. • Also, the Popes had Crusades against
heretics Christians, like the
Albigensians in France.

136. Inquisition
• The Curia and Pope created a special
court to find heretics and witches
called the Inquisition.

137. Inquisition
• Heretics that confessed did penance
and were punished in public.

138. Inquisition
• Beginning in 1252, tortured those who did
not confess.

141. Inquisition
• Burning repeat offenders and those who did
not confess.

142. • In their minds, using force to save
souls from damnation the right thing
to do.

143. • The Spanish Inquisition tortured and killed
hundreds of thousands of Jews, Muslims, and
Christians with other views.

144. Height of Spanish power in
Europe
• Spain became the richest most
powerful kingdom in Europe.

145. Height of Spanish power in
Europe
• Isabella’s grandson Charles ruled
most of Europe from 1519 – 1556.

146. Height of Spanish power in
Europe
• Charles V spent his time fighting
the Ottomans, and Protestant
heretics.
VS

147. Decline of Spanish power
• Charles’ son Philip II of Spain (1554-1598)
attempted to wipe out Protestant heresy in
Europe.

148. Decline of Spanish power
• Philip planned an invasion of England, after
his wife Mary Queen of England died, as her
sister Protestant Elizabeth became Queen.

149. Decline of Spanish power
• Philip spent the treasury on the biggest
invasion fleet, the Spanish Armada.

150. Decline of Spanish power
• The English Queen Elizabeth’s forces ripped
apart the Spanish Armada, marking the
decline of Spanish power.

151. • So, by 1700, Spain had an absolute
Catholic Monarchy government,
declining in power.

152. Next
Great Britain

153. end
• 3.GreatBritianalimtedMonarchy.ppt

154. Other Voyages of Exploration

156. T he “Columbian Exchange”
 Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes
 Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine
 Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO
 Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE
 Syphilis
 Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice
 Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley
 Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats
 Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE
 Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox
 Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria
 Diptheria  Whooping Cough
 Trinkets
 Liquor
 GUNS

157. T he Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves

158. Administration of the Spanish
Empire in the New World
1. Encomienda
or forced
labor.
2. Council of
the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.

159. New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

160. Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

161. 5. New Patterns of World Trade