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2. Contents
1. Introduction
 The Nature of the world History
 Environmental History Timeline
 Mass Migration
 Population growth and rise of cities
 Manufacturing and Industry
 World trade and new world Ecology
 Fossil Fuels and Climate Change
2. An Evolving Earth
3. Evolving Humanity
4. Foraging, Cultivation, and Food Production
5. Populating the Earth: Diet, Domestication and Disease
6. Making of an Urban World
7. Mining, Making and Manufacturing
8. Industrial Work
9. Trade and consumption
10. The Worming Climate

3. Introduction on Human footprint

4. Natuqal histoqy is
the scientific
qeseaqch of plants oq an
imals, leaning moqe
towaqds
obseqational qatheq
than expeqimental
methods of study, and
encompasses moqe
qeseaqch published
in magazines than
in academic jouqnals.

5. The Nature of world Environment History

6. The world's oldest major religion, Hinduism., begins
Ancient ciilizations
with Vedic scriptures called Aranyakas (forest books}
which are written by sages living in the forest. "The
culture of the forest has fueled the culture of
India," modern poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote.
"The unifying principle of life in diversity, of
democratic pluralism, thus became the principle of
Indian civilization."
To the east of India, in the same period three to five
thousand years ago, Taoism and Confucianism explain
and help people follow the patterns of nature. To the
west, Egyptian, Sumarian, Babylonian and other
civilizations have extensive and intricate links between
nature and the divine. Greek philosophers such as
Aristotle see the “imitation of nature” as the key to
understanding life. Greek mythology also links the
concepts of justice and nature. For instance, Themis,
the goddess of law, was the daughter of Gaia, the
goddess of earth.

7. The Middle Ages
1000-- Sri Lankan King Nissanka Malla
carved into a stone a decree stating that, "It
is ordered, by beat of the drum, that no
animals should be killed within a radius of
seven gau from the city" of Anuradhapura, his
capitol. The decree combined consideration
for animal welfare with concerns about public
health and sanitation, and about the emotional
effect on children of witnessing slaughter..
(M. Clifton, 2007)
1600s-- Paris becomes first European city
with extensive sewer system. See Frederique
Krupa's Paris: Urban Sanitation Before the
20th Century.

8. The Enlightenment Eqa
The Age of Enlightenment (or simply
the Enlightenment) is the era in Western
philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural
life, centered upon the 18th century, in
which reason was advocated as the primary
source for legitimacy and authority. It is also
known as the Age of Reason.
Some 600 ships are engaged in hauling "sea
coal" from Newcastle to London, an enormous
increase compared to 1650, when only two
ships regularly carried sea coal. The reason?
Rapid industrialization and the demand for
iron and naval supplies has stripped England's
forests.

9. Industqial Reolution
 Living conditions in urban areas horrify
reform minded commissions in London in the
1840s and America in the 1850s and 60s.
Progress is slow but the common interest in
pure drinking water and sanitation is
spurred by epidemics of typhoid and
cholera.
 Water pollution carried disease, but no one
knew exactly why until the 1880s. Some
concerned reformers didn't wait for exact
knowledge: John Snow, a London physician,
traced a part of the cholera epidemic to a
contaminated water pump in 1855.
 Smog episodes begin killing residents of
large cities like London.
 Demands for conservation of wilderness
areas accelerate with the felling of an
enormous redwood, called the "Mother of

10. The Pqogqessie Eqa
The Progressive Era in the United
States was a period of social activism and
reform that flourished from the1890s to
the 1920s. The main goal of the
Progressive movement was purification of
government, as Progressives tried to
expose and undercut political machines
and bosses. Many (but not all)
Progressives supported prohibition in
order to destroy the political power of
local bosses based in saloons. At the
same time, women's suffrage was
promoted to bring a "purer" female vote
into the arena.

11. US MineralRoaqing up rich
The Leasing Act opens Twenties
deposits on federal lands for token rental
fees. US Water Power Act authorizes federal
hydroelectric projects. .US Supreme Court
allows New Jersey to dump sewage into New
York harbor in New York v. New Jersey and
Passaic Valley Sewerage
Commissioners. However, the court says:
The grave problem of sewage disposal
presented by the large and growing
populations living on the shores of New York
Bay is one more likely to be wisely solved by
cooperative study and by conference and
mutual concession on the part of
representatives of the States so vitally
interested in it than by proceedings in any
court however constituted. (Barros, 1974)

12. 3:17 PM
Woqld Waq II and the
Postwaq Yeaqs
1940 -- US Congress passes Bald Eagle
Preservation Act.
1941 -- St. Louis adopts first strict smoke
control ordinance in U.S. Meanwhile, St. Louis
Post Dispatch wins first Pulitzer Prize for
environmental reporting. The Pulitzer
committee cites the Dispatch "For its
successful campaign against the smoke
nuisance."
1941 -- "Action Club" formed to combat
pollution from paper mills near Augusta,
Maine.
1941 -- Between 25,000 and 60,000 rooftop
solar water heaters are being used, mostly in
Florida and California. In Miami 80 percent of
new homes are built with solar hot water. War

13. The Sixties
1960 -- June 12 -- Responding to safety
concerns from unions and the public, a federal
court halts construction of the Laguna Beach,
Mich. Fermi nuclear power plant 30 miles
southwest of Detroit, but US Supreme Court
allows it to restart. In 1966, a nearly
catastrophic loss of coolant accident forces
the plant's permanent closure and shows that
critics had reason to be concerned. (See John
G. Fuller, We Almost Lost Detroit, Readers
Digest Press, 1975).
1960 -- US Congress funds two-year Public
Health Service study on air pollution from
cars.
1960 -- First Clean Water Act passes US
Congress.
1960 -- Jacques Cousteau and Prince Rainier

14. From left, clockwise: A soldier lies on the
ground during the Vietnam War; The arrival
of The Beatles in the U.S., and subsequent
appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964,
marked the start of the "British Invasion,"
contributing to the band's phenomenal
success and tremendous influence on popular
music in the U.S and around the world;
The Woodstock Festival was held in
upstate New York in 1969 in front of 400,000
concert-goers and featured some of the top
rock musicians of the era; For the first time
in history, a human being sets his foot on
the Moon, in the Moon landing of July
1969; China's Mao Zedong executes the Great
Leap Forward, a disastrous attempt to
modernize the Chinese economy that ended in
severe grain shortages and the deaths of tens
of millions of people; President John F.
Kennedy in the presidential limousine, minutes
before his assassination on November 22,
1963;Martin Luther King Jr. makes his famous
"I Have a Dream" speech to a crowd of over a
million during the March on Washington in
1963.

15. The Seenties
The 1970s, pronounced "the Nineteen
Seventies", was the decade that started on
January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31,
1979.
In the Western world, social
progressive values that began in the 1960s,
such as increasing political awareness and
political and economic liberty of women,
continued to grow. The hippie culture, which
started in the latter half of the 1960s, waned
by the early 1970s and faded towards the
middle part of the decade, which involved
opposition to the Vietnam War, opposition to
nuclear weapons, the advocacy of world peace,
and hostility to the authority of government
and big business.
The environmentalist movement began to

16. From left, clockwise: US
President Richard Nixon doing the V
for Victory sign after his resignation
from office after the Watergate
scandal in 1974; Refugees aboard a
US naval boat after the Fall of
Saigon, leading to the end of
the Vietnam War in 1975; The 1973
oil crisis puts the nation of America in
gridlock; Both the leaders
of Israel and Egypt shake hands after
the signing of the Camp David
Accords in 1978; The 1970 Bhola
cyclone kills an estimated 500,000
people in the densely
populated Ganges Delta region of East
Pakistan in November 1970;
The Iranian Revolution of 1979
transformed Iran from an autocratic
pro-western monarchy to
a theocratic Islamistgovernment
under the leadership
of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini; The
popularity of theDisco music genre
peaked during the middle to late
1970s.

17. The Eighties
The 1980s, often called "the Eighties," was
the decade that began on January 1, 1980 and
ended on December 31, 1989 and was the
ninth decade of the 20th century.
The time period saw great social, economic,
and general change as wealth and production
migrated to newly industrializing economies.
As economic liberalization increased in the
developed world, multiple multinational
corporations associated with the
manufacturing industry relocated
into Thailand, Malaysia, Mexico, South
Korea, Taiwan, China, and new market
economies in Eastern Europe following the
collapse of communism in eastern Europe.

18. From left, clockwise: The
first Space Shuttle, Columbia,
lifted off in 1981;
American President Ronald
Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev eased tensions between
the two superpowers, leading to
the end of the Cold War; The Fall
of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is
considered to be the most
momentous event of the 1980s; In
1986, six astronauts and one
teacher died in
the Challenger disaster; In 1985,
the Live Aid concert was held in
order to fund relief efforts for
the famine in
Ethiopia; Ukraine and much of the
world is filled with radioactive
debris from the 1986 Chernobyl
disaster; The Iran–Iraq War leads
to over one million dead and $1
trillion spent.

19. The Nineties
The 1990s, also known as "the Nineteen
Nineties" or abbreviated as "the Nineties" or
"the '90s", was the decade that started on
January 1, 1990 and ended on December 31,
1999. It was the last full decade of both
the 20th century and the 2nd millennium.
A combination of factors including the mass
mobilization of capital markets
through neoliberalism, the beginning of the
widespread proliferation of new media such as
the Internet, and the dissolution of the
Soviet Union led to a realignment and
reconsolidation of economic and political
power across the world, and within countries.

20. From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space
Telescope floats in space after it was
taken up in 1990; American F-16s and F-
15s fly over burning oil fields and the
USA engages in Operation Desert
Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War;
The signing of the Oslo Accords on
September 13, 1993; The World Wide
Web gains a public face during the start
of decade and as a result gains massive
popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin and
followers stand on a tank in defiance to
the August Coup, which leads to
the Soviet Union's collapse on
December 26, 1991; Dolly the sheep is
the first mammal to be cloned from an
adult somatic cell; The funeral
procession of Diana, Princess of Wales,
who dies in 1997 from Paris car crash,
and is mourned by millions; Countless
hundreds of thousands are killed in
the Rwandan Genocide of 1994

21. The 21st Centuqy
In contemporary history, the 21st century
began with the United States as the
sole superpower in the absence of the Soviet
Union, with five other entities, China, India,
the European Union, Brazil and the Russian
Federation as potential superpowers in the
coming decades. As the Cold War was over
and terrorism on the rise exemplified by
the September 11, 2001 attacks at the World
Trade Center in New York City; the
Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia; followed by
the 2001 anthrax attacks that commenced as
letters containing anthrax spores were mailed
from Princeton, New Jersey to ABC
News, CBS News, NBC News, the New York
Post, and the National Enquirer; the United
States and its allies turned their attention to
the Middle East.

22. From left, clockwise: The World Trade
Center towers, in the wake of the
September 11 attacks; the Euro enters
into European currency in 2002; a
statue ofSaddam Hussein being
toppled during the 2003 Invasion of
Iraq; troops heading toward an army
helicopter during the War in
Afghanistan, part of the effort to
combat International terrorism,
named the War on Terror; social
media through the Internet spreads
across the world; a Chinese soldier
gazes at the 2008 Summer Olympics
commencing; an economic crisis, the
largest since the Great Depression,
hits the world in 2008; a tsunami from
the Indian Ocean following an
earthquake kills over 250,000
on Boxing Day, 2004.

23. So how do we save this beautiful blue planet?
The Futuqe
Kurt Vonnegut on Nature's surrender terms:
"Now that we can discuss the mess we are in with
some precision, I hope you have stopped choosing
abysmally ignorant optimists for positions of
leadership. They were useful only so long as nobody
had a clue as to what was really going on--during the
past seven million years or so. In my time they have
been catastrophic as heads of sophisticated
institutions with real work to do.
"The sort of leaders we need now are not those who
promise ultimate victory over Nature through
perseverance in living as we do right now, but those
with the courage and intelligence to present to the
world what appears to be Nature's stern but
reasonable surrender terms:
1. Reduce and stabilize your population.
2. Stop poisoning the air, the water and the topsoil.
3. Stop preparing for war and start dealing with your

24. 10:54 PM
Mass Migqation
Human migration is physical movement
by humans from one area to another,
sometimes over long distances or in large
groups. The movement of populations in
modern times has continued under the form
of both voluntary migration within one's
region, country, or beyond, and involuntary
migration (which includes the slave
trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic
cleansing). People who migrate are
called migrants or more
specifically, emigrants,immigrants,
or settlers, depending on historical setting,
circumstances and perspective.
According to the International Organization
for Migration's World Migration Report 2010,
the number of international migrants was

25. Population
A population is all the organisms that both belong to
the same speciesand live in the same geographical
area. The area that is used to define the population is
such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair
within the area and more probable than cross-
breeding with individuals from other areas. Normally
breeding is substantially more common within the area
than across the border. In sociology, population refers
to a collection of human beings. Demography is a
sociological discipline which entails the statistical
study of human populations. This article refers mainly
to human population.
As of 29 January 2011, the world population
is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to

26. Manufactuqing
and Industqies Raw Material
Extraction
Manufacturing is the use Manufacturing
of machines, tools and labor to produce Production
goods for use or sale. The term may
refer to a range of human activity,
from handicraft to high tech, but is
most commonly applied to Transportation
industrial production, in which raw
materials are transformed into finished
goods on a large scale. Utilization
Industry refers to the production of Rescue
an economic good (either material or a
service) within an economy. Industrial
Disposal
organization is a field of economics that
Recycling
studies the structure of and boundaries
between firms and markets and the
strategic interactions of firms.

27. Woqld Tqade and New woqld
Ecology
International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services
across international borders or territories. In most countries, it
represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
While international trade has been present throughout much of
history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of") is
the scientific study of the relation of living organisms to each
other and their surroundings. Ecosystems are definedInternational trade
by
uses a variety
a web, community, or network of individuals that arrange into the most
of currencies,
important of which are
a self-organized and complex hierarchy of pattern and process.
held as foreign
reserves by governmen
ts and central banks.
Here the percentage
of global cumulative
reserves held for each
currency between 1995
and 2005 are shown:
the US dollar is the
most sought-after
currency, with
the Euro in strong

28. Fossil Fuel
In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was
474 exajoules (474 1018 J) with 80 to 90 percent derived from the
combustion of fossil fuels. This is equivalent to an average power
consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504 1013 W). Not all of the world's
economies track their energy consumption with the same rigor, and the
exact energy content of a barrel of oil or a ton of coal will vary with
quality.
Despite advances in efficiency and sustainability, of all the energy
harnessed since the industrial revolution, more than half has been
consumed in the last two decades. However, when considering this fact, it
should not be overlooked that this is primarily the result of global
increases in the standard of living and of the increase in world population,
and not as a failing of energy management as a whole.