2. What is a psychological test?
• A psychological test is a structured
technique to generate carefully selected
sample of behavior.
• . It is used to derive inference about
someone's behavior on basis of results of
the tests.
• We can judge the level of attributes like
intelligence , self-esteem , aptitude in an
individual.
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4. Characteristics of a good test
• Validity.
• Reliability.
• Practicability.
• Usability.
• Uniform as different testers will follow same
test steps anywhere.
• Biases due to personal reasons is reduced.
• Norms are set to work with.
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5. Types of tests
• Depending upon time limit: Speed test and power
test.
– e.g. Kaufman Assessment battery for children (
intelligence test to find fast learners)
• Depending upon number of individuals: Group test and
Individual test
• Depending upon language: Verbal and Non- verbal
Non-
test.
• Depending upon method: Paper -pencil and
performance test .
• Depending upon what is measured: Intelligence tests,
Aptitude tests, Achievement tests, Personality tests.
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6. Intelligence tests
• These include:
– Stanford – Binet test.
– Ravens Progressive Matrices.
– Group tests of Army Alpha and Beta types.
– Weschler intelligence test.
– Bhatia's Battery of performance test of
intelligence.
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7. Stanford Binet test
• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (French scientists)
devised a new way to test intelligence called the
Binet-
Binet-Simon Scale in 1909.
• Alfred Binet was commissioned by French gov. to
gov.
separate children into vocational vs academic
schooling
• This intelligence test measured someone’s
intelligence using the performance method, which
method,
involved testing intelligence based upon someone’s
ability to give correct answers to a series of
questions.
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8. • To help compare intelligence between
different types of people, the Binet-Simon
Binet-
Scale used a measure called mental age.
• For example, if on average a group of nine
year olds score twenty correct questions,
and then a child who is seven years old
scores the same amount, then that seven
year old child is said to have a mental age
of nine.
• In general, mental age should rise as a
person grows older. So the older they are,
the better they will do on the test.
• Between 2- 23 years of age.
2-
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10. Army alpha and Beta tests
• Army Alpha/Beta IQ Test (1917) –
designed for World War I recruits
– Assumed to be testing native intelligence
– Alpha for literates; Beta for illiterates and
non-
non-English speakers
• Alpha subtests: Oral Directions; Arithmetic;
Practical Judgment; Analogies; Disarranged
Sentences; Number Series; Information
• Beta subtests: Memory; Matching; Picture
Completion; Geometric Construction
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11. Weschler Intelligence test
(David Weschler, 1939-81)
Weschler, 1939-
• Contains Verbal and
Performance subtests
• Performance compared to
same age peers – raw score has
different interpretation
depending on age
• Designed widely used test for
adults (WAIS), children (WISC),
and preschoolers (WPPSI)
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13. Verbal tests:
• Information
Performance scale:
• Comprehension
• Digit symbol
• Arithmetic • Picture completion
• Similarities Block design
• Digit span • Picture
arrangement
• Vocabulary
• Matrix reasoning
• Letter number • Object assembly
• Sequencing. • Symbol search
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14. Verbal Intelligence test
• Information : A persons level of general
knowledge
• Comprehension : How well you can understand
questions and grasp concepts.
• Arithmetic : A persons mathematical abilities.
• Similarities : Measures abstract thought.
• Digit Span : Measures attention span.
• Vocabulary : How many word meanings you
know.
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15. Performance Intelligence Test
• Digit Symbol : Mental flexibility with random
symbols.
• Picture Completion : Ability to notice differences
between two similar pictures.
• Block Design : Mentally construct printed designs
in your head.
• Picture Arrangement : Arrange pictures in a
logical order.
• Object Assembly : Place the correct part in
relationship to a whole.
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17. Ravens progressive matrices
• The test consists of 50 designs each of
which has a cut out segment . The
subject is shown the 6-8 cut out
6-
alternative pieces and is asked to
indicate what to be put in the matrix.
• There is children Progressive Matrices,
standard progressive matrices,
advanced matrices.
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20. Uses of the intelligence tests
• Predicts to some extent how well we will do
in life
• Many occupations are available only to
persons with college or graduate degrees.
• It takes less time to train persons with
higher intelligence to a high level of job
knowledge and skill.
• Persons with higher intelligence tend to
perform better in complex jobs.
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21. • Guidance , counseling
• Help to place vocationally.
• Select right person for promotion.
• Job selection, diagnosis of mental states and
treatment.
• Helps to measure intellectual functions of memory
, problem solving and verbal fluency.
• Diagnose the differences between two individuals
on basis of their intellectual differences and
leading to the development of the knowledge
about the individual differences.
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22. Personality tests
• A personality test aims to describe
aspects of a person's character that
remain stable throughout that person's
lifetime, the individual's character
pattern of behavior, thoughts, and
feelings.
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23. Personality tests
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI]
• Rorschach Inkblot Test
• Thematic Apperception Test , or TAT
• 16PF Questionnaire
• Performance testing
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24. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
• The most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality tests
• Developed to identify emotional disorders
• This is one of the most frequently used
personality tests in mental health.
• The test is used by trained professionals to
assist in identifying personality structure
and psychopathology.
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25. Ø The original authors of the MMPI were Starke
R. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, MD.
Ø The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of
Minnesota.
Ø The standardized answer sheets can be hand
scored with templates that fit over the answer
sheets, but most tests are computer scored.
Ø It is appropriate for use with adults 18 and
over.
over.
Ø The current MMPI-2 has 567 items, all true-or-
MMPI- items, true-or-
false format, and usually takes between 1 and
2 hours to complete depending on reading
level.
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26. v Scale 1(the Hypochondriasis Scale)
1(the
Clinical scales v Scale 2 (the Depression Scale)
v Scale 3 (the Hysteria Scale)
v Scale 4 (the Psychopathic Deviate Scale)
v Scale 5 (the Femininity/Masculinity Scale)
v Scale 6 (the Paranoia Scale)
v Scale 7 (the Psychasthenia Scale)
v Scale 8 (the Schizophrenia Scale)
v Scale 9 (the Mania Scale) :
v Scale 0 (the Social Introversion Scale)
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27. MMPI: examples
• “Nothing in the newspaper interests
me except the comics.”
• “I get angry sometimes.”
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28. Rorschach Inkblot Test
• The most widely used
projective test
• A set of 10 inkblots
• Designed by Hermann
Rorschach
November 8, 1884 - April 2, 1922
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29. Used to identify people’s
inner feelings by analyzing
their interpretations of the
blots
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31. Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
People express
their inner
motives
through the
stories they
make up about
ambiguous
scenes
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32. • The Thematic Apperception Test, or
TAT, is a projective psychological test.
test.
• Historically, it has been among the
most widely researched, taught, and
used of such tests.
• Its adherents assert that the TAT taps
a subject's unconscious to reveal
repressed aspects of personality,
personality,
motives and needs for achievement,
power and intimacy, and problem-
problem-
solving abilities.
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33. • The TAT is popularly known as the picture
interpretation technique because it uses a
standard series of provocative yet ambiguous
pictures about which the subject is asked to
tell a story .
• The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a
story as they can for each picture presented,
including the following:
? what has led up to the event shown
? what is happening at the moment
? what the characters are feeling and thinking
? what the outcome of the story was
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34. There are 31 picture cards in the
standard form of the TAT.
Some of the cards show male figures,
some female, some both male and
female,
female figures, some of ambiguous
gender, some adults, some children,
adults, children,
and some show no human figures at
all.
One card is completely blank.
blank.
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35. • The TAT is a projective test in which
the scoring is based on what the
subject projects onto the ambiguous
images.
• Therefore, to complete the
assessment, each narrative created by
a subject must be carefully recorded
and analyzed to uncover underlying
needs, attitudes, and patterns of
reaction.
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37. Uses
• Individual assessments for employment in fields
requiring a high degree such as law enforcement,
military leadership positions.
• For diagnosis in order to match psychotherapy
best suited to patients personalities.
• Forensic purposes in evaluating the motivations
and general attitudes of persons accused of
violent crimes.
• Research into specific aspects of human
personality,
personality, most often needs for achievement,
fears of failure, hostility.
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38. The Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire
(or 16PF )
• is a multiple-choice personality
multiple-
questionnaire which was developed
over several decades of research by
Raymond B. Cattell and his colleagues.
• 16 primary traits, personality i.e. Big
Five are present showing structure of
personality to be multi-level and
multi-
hierarchical
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39. Performance testing
• Performance Testing covers a broad range of
engineering or functional evaluations.
evaluations.
• Testing can be a qualitative or quantitative
procedure.
• Performance testing can refer to the
assessment of the performance of a human
examinee.
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40. Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy • Rely on clients which
• Economical could lead to a response
• Higher interrater bias.
reliability • Tells little about
• Less response bias unconscious process.
• Limited to high
functioning individuals
• Interpretation not
objective.
• Interpretation not
consistent.
• Lack of standard scoring.
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41. Neuropsychological Assessment
• Assessment of the neurological deficit predicts the possible
organic psychopathology
• Identification of intact neurological functioning help in the
process of neuro-rehabilitation (Cognitive retraining)
neuro-
• Evaluation and comparison of various treatment options
and its perceived efficacy
• Progressive evaluation and formulation of differential
diagnosis
• Among children,- Developmental progression of the
children,-
milestones
• Tackling the mental developmental delay, and taking
necessary actions on time
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42. Common areas of assessment
include;
• Attention,
• perception,
• intelligence,
• judgment,
• concentration,
• memory,
• learning, & Thought process
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43. Test of attention & concentration
• The capacity to arouse & sustain attention
varies with individual time
• Most of the Ψ illness attention become poor
and fluctuate
• Common tests include;
– Eysenck’s Digit Test Of Concentration
– Color Cancellation Tasks
– Digit Symbol Subtraction
– Letter Cancellation
– Knox Cube Imitation drjma
Test
44. Test for mental alertness &
retention
Assessing the degree of psychomotor
retardation- Eg;
retardation- Eg; Differentiating Mild
to Severe D’
• Common tests include;
– Minnesota block reversal test
Check for reaction time, Response
time, & Productivity/Unit time
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45. Test for memory
• Many of the neuropsychiatric illness present with the
complaints of memory loss or forgetfulness
• Common verbal tests include;
– Wechsler Memory scale: It is the commonly used
memory test battery for adults. It is a composite
of verbal paired associate, paragraph retention,
visual memory for design, orientation, digit span,
reverse recall of the alphabet & counting
backward. This test is appropriate for the age
group of 16-74.
16-
» Continues….
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46. •PGI Memory scale, has been standardized
for Indian population
Verbal memory is assessed through the
presentation of stimuli such as these that
must then be recalled: Words, Digits,
Nonsense syllables & Sentences.
Performance tests on Memory
assessment are;
• Benton Test of Visual Retention-
Retention-
Revised.
• Memory for Designs Test.
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47. Comprehensive Neuropsychiatric
Batteries
• Luria-Nebraska-
Luria-Nebraska-
neuropsychological battery
• Mini–mental state examination
Mini–
(Folstein test)- is a brief 30-
test)- 30- Alexander Luria
point questionnaire test that is
used to screen for cognitive
impairment.
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