2. Cell theory
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Microscopic structure of plant and
animal cells
Cells as basic units of living organisms
are grouped into tissue and organs
about this chapter
6. 3.1 Early Discoveries
Mid 1600s
•Robert Hooke observed and described
cells in cork
Late
1600s
•Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed
sperm, microorganisms
1820s
•Robert Brown observed and named
nucleus in plant cells
7. Developing Cell Theory
Rudolf Virchow
Theodor
Schwann
Schlieden “Plant growth, he
stated in 1837, came about
through the production of new
cells, which, he speculated, were
propagated from the nuclei of
old cells,” i.e., all plants are
composed of cells.
Matthias Schleiden
9. Living things are made up of cells
The cell is the basic unit of
structure
Cells come only from preexisting
cells
10. Cell
•Smallest unit of
life
Can survive on its
own or has
potential to do so
Is highly
organized for
metabolism
Senses and
responds to
environment
Has potential to
reproduce
11. Two types of cells :
Prokaryotic cells
No true nucleus or organelles
e.g : Eubacteria and cyanobacteria
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus and organelles that surrounded by a
membrane
e.g: protozoa, algae, fungi, plants and animals
12. Microscopes
Create detailed images of something that is
otherwise too small to see
Light microscopes
Simple or compound
Electron microscopes
Transmission EM or Scanning EM
16. Slide 12
frog egg
3 mm
typical plant cell
10-100 µm
mitochondrion
1-5 µm
chloroplast
2-10 µm
human red
blood cell
7-8 µm
diameter
Trypanosoma
(protozoan)
25 µm long
Chlamydomonas
(green alga)
5-6 µm long
polio virus
30 nm
HIV
(AIDS virus)
100 nm
T4 bacteriophage
225 nm long
tobacco mosaic virus
300 nm long
DNA molecule
2 nm diameter
Unaided Vision
Electron Microscope (Down To 0.5 Nm)
Light Microscope (Down To 200 Nm)
Escherichia coli (bacterium)
1-5 µm long
1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 meter, or 0.4 inch
1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1,000 meter
1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 meter
1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 meter
1 meter = 102 cm = 103 mm = 106 µm = 109 nm
1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.5 nm
Figure 4.8
Page 59
17. Limitations of Light Microscopy
Wavelengths of light are 400-750 nm
If a structure is less than one-half of a
wavelength long, it will not be visible
Light microscopes can resolve objects down to
about 200 nm in size
18. Electron Microscopy
Uses streams of accelerated electrons
rather than light
Electrons are focused by magnets rather
than glass lenses
Can resolve structures down to 0.5 nm
33. TISSUES
Cells in plants and animals are grouped
together in tissues.
A tissue is a group of similar cells that are
organised to do a specific job
34. Angiosperm Body Plan
VASCULAR TISSUES
GROUND TISSUES
SHOOT SYSTEM
ROOT SYSTEM
EPIDERMIS
•Ground tissue
system
•Vascular tissue
system
•Dermal tissue
system
35. shoot tip
(terminal bud)
lateral (axillary) bud
flower
EPIDERMIS
leaf
seeds
(inside fruit)
withered
cotyledon
root hairs
root tip
root cap
node
node
internode
VASCULAR TISSUES
GROUND TISSUES
SHOOT SYSTEM
ROOT SYSTEM
primary root
lateral root
Overview of
the plant
body
37. Meristems
• Regions where cell divisions produce plant
growth
• Consist of unspecialised, dividing cells.
• Apical meristems
– Lengthen stems and roots
– Responsible for primary growth
• Lateral meristems
– Increase width of stems
– Responsible for secondary growth
38. activity at
meristems
new cells
elongate
and start to
differentiate
into primary
tissues
activity at
meristems
new cells
elongate
and start to
differentiate
into primary
tissues
Figure 29.4
Page 507
Root apical meristem
Shoot apical meristem
39. activity at
meristems
new cells
elongate
and start to
differentiate
into primary
tissues
ROOT APICAL MERISTEM
Apical meristem near all root tips gives rise to
protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
These give rise to the root’s primary tissue
systems: epidermis, ground tissues, and
vascular tissues
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
Source of primary growth (lengthening)
THREE PRIMARY MERISTEMS
Protoderm epidermis
Ground meristem ground tissue
Procambium primary vascular tissues
activity at
meristems
new cells
elongate
and start to
differentiate
into primary
tissues
Figure 29.4
Page 507
Apical Meristems
40. vascular cambium
cork cambium
secondary
phloem
secondary
xylem
thickening
LATERAL MERISTEMS
Two lateral meristems in older stems and roots of woody
plants produce secondary growth (increases in diameter):
Vascular cambium secondary vascular tissues
Cork cambium periderm (replaces epidermis)
Figure 29.4
Page 507
LATERAL MERISTEMS
41. Ground tissue
system
• -serves basic
functions:
•Food and
water storage
Vascular
tissue system
•-distributes
water and
solutes
Dermal tissue
system
•Covers and
protect plant
surfaces
Three Plant Tissue system
42. GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
Predominantly cells in the leaf, stem, roots and
storage organs
e.g., potato tuber e.g., celery stem e.g., cherry seed
43. VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
The xylem and
phloem made up
the plant vascular
tissue system
Food, water, and
other substances
are transported and
is continuous
throughout the
plant.
44. DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM (OR EPIDERMIS)
Single layer of tightly
packed cells covering and
protecting the young parts
of plant
E.g., the waxy cuticle that
help plant retain water in
leaves and stems
46. Simple Tissues
• Made up of only one
type of cell
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
47. Parenchyma: A Simple Tissue
• Most of a plant’s soft primary growth
• Pliable, thin walled, many sided cells
• Cells remain alive at maturity and retain
capacity to divide
• Mesophyll is a type that contains
chloroplasts
Parenchyma: A Simple Tissue
• Most of a plant’s soft primary growth
• Pliable, thin walled, many sided cells
• Cells remain alive at maturity and retain
capacity to divide
• Mesophyll is a type that contains
chloroplasts
• Ground tissue for fruits, stems and
leaves.
48.
49. Collenchyma: A Simple Tissue
• Specialized for support for primary tissues
• Makes stems strong but pliable
• Cells are elongated
• Walls thickened with pectin
• Alive at maturity
50.
51. Scelerenchyma : A Simple
Tissue
• Supports mature plant parts
• Protects many seeds
• Thick, lignified walls
• Dead at maturity
• Two types:
– Fibers: Long, tapered cells
– Sclereids: Stubbier cells
55. Phloem:
A Complex Vascular Tissue
• Transports sugars
• Main conducting cells
are sieve-tube
members
• Companion cells assist
in the loading of
sugars
sieve plate
sieve-tube
member
companion
cell
56. Epidermis:
A Complex Plant Tissue
• Covers and protects plant surfaces
• Secretes a waxy, waterproof
cuticle
• In plants with secondary growth,
periderm replaces epidermis
57. Monocots and Dicots:
Parallel veins
Netlike veins
3 pores1 pore
4 or 5 floral
parts
3 floral
parts
1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons
Vascular
bundles
dispersed
Vascular
bundles
in ring
Monocots and Dicots:
Parallel veins
Netlike veins
3 pores1 pore
4 or 5 floral
parts
3 floral
parts
1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons
Vascular
bundles
dispersed
Vascular
bundles
in ring
59. Internal Structure of a Dicot Stem
Outermost layer is epidermis
Cortex lies beneath epidermis
Ring of vascular bundles separates the cortex
from the pith
The pith lies in the center of the stem
60. Internal Structure
of a Monocot
Stem
• The vascular bundles
are distributed
throughout the ground
tissue
• No division of ground
tissue into cortex and
pith
61. Ring of vascular bundles
dividing ground tissue
into cortex and pith Vascular bundles distributed
throughout ground tissue
Dicot Monocot
Internal structure of Stems
63. Adapted for Photosynthesis
Leaves are usually thin
High surface area-to-volume ratio
Promotes diffusion of carbon dioxide in, oxygen
out
Leaves are arranged to capture sunlight
Are held perpendicular to rays of sun
Arranged so they don’t shade one another
65. Root Systems
Taproot system of
a California poppy
Fibrous root system
of a grass plant
Figure 29.17
Page 514
66. VASCULAR CYLINDER:
endodermis
pericycle
xylem
phloem
cortex
epidermis
fully grown
root hair
Vessels have matured; root
hairs and vascular cylinder
about to form
Cells elongate; sieve tubes form
and mature; vessel members
start to form
Most cells have stopped
dividing
Cells are dividing rapidly at apical
and primary meristems
quiescent center
root cap
Root Structure
Root cap covers
tip
Apical meristem
produces the cap
Cell divisions at
the apical
meristem cause
the root to
lengthen
Farther up, cells
differentiate and
mature
72. TISSUE
A group of cells and intercellular substances that
interact in one or more tasks
Four types
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
73. ORGANS
Group of tissues organized to perform a task
Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body
Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous
tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue
74. ORGAN SYSTEMS
Organs interact physically, chemically, or both to
perform a common task
Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and
other vessels that transport blood through the body
75. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Lines the body’s
surface, cavities, ducts, and tubes
One free surface faces a body fluid or
the environment
simple
squamous
epithelium
basement
membrane
connective tissue
76. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
Consists of a single layer of cells
Lines body ducts, cavities, and tubes
Cell shapes:
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
77. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Two or more layers thick
Functions in protection, as in skin
Cells in the layers may be
squamous, columnar, or cuboidal
78. Glands
Secretory organs
derived from epithelium
Exocrine glands have
ducts or tubes
(secrete mucus, saliva,
earwax)
Endocrine glands are
ductless
Product-hormone
Section through the glandular epithelium of a frog.
pore that opens at skin surface
mucous
gland
poison
gland
pigmented
gland
79. CELL JUNCTIONS
a type of structure that exists within the tissue of a
multicellular organism. They consist of protein complexes
and provide contact between neighbouring cells,
between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or
Tight junctions prevent leaks
Gap junctions connect abutting
cytoplasms
Adhering junctions cement cells
together
Tight
Junction
Adhering
Junction
Gap
Junction
80. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most abundant tissue in the body
Cells are scattered in an extracellular matrix
Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a
polysaccharide ground substance
83. Blood
Classified as a connective tissue because blood cells arise
in bone
Serves as the body’s transport medium
Red cells, white cells, and platelets are dispersed in a
fluid medium called plasma
84. MUSCLE TISSUE
Composed of cells that contract when stimulated
Helps move the body and specific body parts
Types of tissue- Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
85. SKELETAL MUSCLE
Located in muscles that attach to bones
Long, cylindrical cells are striated
Cells are bundled closely together in
parallel arrays
Figure 33.8,
page 572
86. SMOOTH MUSCLE
In walls of many internal organs
(stomach, lungs etc) and some blood
vessels
Cells are not striped and taper at the
ends
Figure 33.8,
page 572
87. one muscle cell
one bundle of muscle
cells in its own sheath
outer connective tissue sheath
around one muscle
one whole muscle,
a biceps
Figure 33.9
Page 572
88. CARDIAC MUSCLE
Present only in the heart
Cells are striated and branching
Ends of cells are joined by
communication junctions
nucleus
89. NERVOUS TISSUE
Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays
commands for response
Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial
cells
90. NEUROGLIA
Constitute more than half of the nervous tissue
Protect and support the neurons, both
structurally and metabolically
94. Organ systems carry out the major body functions of most
animals.
Each organ system consists of several organs and has specific
functions.
95. Thank you for your attention ^_^
perbezaan antara mereka yang
berjaya dengan yang lain bukanlah
kerana kekurangan kekuatan atau
ilmu,
tetapi lebih kepada kekurangan
kesungguhan dan kemahuan
96. perbezaan antara mereka yang
berjaya dengan yang lain
bukanlah kerana kekurangan
kekuatan atau ilmu,
tetapi lebih kepada kekurangan
kesungguhan dan kemahuan