3. I. The New Imperialism
a. In the 1800s European nations began
a new push of imperialism- the
extension of a nation’s power over
other lands.
i. Mother countries wanted direct control
over the territories.
b. This new push will be focused on
Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
i. This area was seen as a valuable source
of raw materials for industrial production.
4. c. European nations also acquired
colonies to gain an advantage over
European rivals looking for colonies
and world power.
i. Having the colonies was a source of
national prestige.
d. Imperialism was tied to social
Darwinism.
i. Many believed it was their right as a
stronger country.
ii. Other believed it was their moral or
religious duty to “civilize” Asian, African,
and Latin American nations.
1. This meant to Christianize them.
5. II. Colonial Takeover in Southeast
Asia
a. By 1900 almost all of Southeast
Asia was under Western rule.
b. Great Britain led the way in 19th
century imperial colonialism.
i. Britain founded Singapore.
ii. Singapore soon became a major
port for China.
6. c. During the next decade Britain moved
deeper into Southeast Asia.
i. Took control of Burma.
ii. Great Britain wanted Burma to protect its
possessions in India and to have a land
route to S. China.
7. d. France was alarmed by the British
expansion into Southeast Asia.
i. They started to show interest in Vietnam.
ii. In 1857 Vietnamese was forced to accept
French protection.
iii. By 1884 the French controlled Vietnam
and made it a protectorate.
i. Protectorate- A political unit that depends on
another government for its protection.
iv. In the 1880s France extended protection
into Cambodia, Laos, Annam, and
Tonkin.
8. e. During the last quarter of the 19th
century, both France and Britain tried
to make Thailand a colony.
i. Two rulers prevented the takeover; King
Mongkut, King Chulalongkorn.
ii. 1856 France and G.B. agreed to keep
Thailand an independent buffer state
between their possessions.
9. f. U.S. Navy under
Dewey defeated the
Spanish in Manila
Bay, Philippines.
i. McKinley believed it
was his moral duty to
civilize other parts of
the world.
ii. Colonizing the
Philippines would also
prevent other countries
from gaining control
over the area.
10. III. Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia
a. The chief goal of the Western powers in
their colonies was to exploit the natural
resources and open up markets for
Western manufactured goods.
b. Indirect rule- allowed local rulers and
political elites to remain in power.
c. Direct rule- Officials from the mother
country were put in charge of taxes, law
and order, and other governmental matters.
i. Britain’s approach in Burma.
11. d. France used both Direct and indirect
rule in Indochina.
e. Western powers justified their
conquests by arguing they brought
civilization and development.
i. These same people feared the
indigenous peoples gaining political
rights. The natives might want full
participation in the government or
independence.
12. f. Colonial powers did not want their
colonists to develop their own
industries.
i. Parent countries stressed exporting raw
materials.
g. Colonial rule did bring benefits to
Southeast Asia.
i. It began a modern economic system and
improved infrastructure.
ii. Expanded exports developed an
entrepreneurial class in rural areas.
13. IV. Resistance to Colonial Rule
a. Initial resistance to colonial rule came
from the ruling classes.
i. Sometimes resistance to Western rule
took the form of peasant revolts.
1. Peasants often were driven off land to make
way for plantation agriculture.
14. b. Early resistance movements were
overcome by Western powers.
i. At the beginning of the 20th century, a
new kind of resistance based on the force
of nationalism emerged.
c. The new leaders were part of the new
urban middle class.
i. They were; merchants, clerks, students,
and professionals that were educated in
Western Schools, spoke Western
Languages, and knew Western customs.
15. d. At first the resistance movements
organized to protect religious traditions
and traditional cultural customs.
e. By 1930 these resistance movements
began to demand national
independence.
