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Integration of
transport & land-use
 The case of the Leiden - Gouda area

                              Delft, Jasper Bras
Integration of transport and land-use:
                                      The case of the Leiden - Gouda area


                                                                    Delft, 24th Januari 2013


                                                                             Thesis plan
                                                                          MSc Urbanism
                                              Architecture, Uranism and Building Sciences



                                                                                 Student
                                                                               Jasper Bras
                                                                                   1402579
                                                                   J.Bras@student.tudelft.nl
                                                                         www.jasperbras.nl


                                                                                 Mentors
                                                                                 1st mentor
                                                                   Prof. V. (Vincent) Nadin
                                                                         V.Nadin@tudelft.nl

                                                                              2nd mentor
                                                         Prof. dr. W.A.M. (Wil) Zonneveld
                                                              W.A.M.Zonneveld@tudelft.nl

                                                               External committee member
                                                                    A.S. (Alper) Alkan MA
                                                                      A.S.Alkan@tudelft.nl



Cover image:                                                             In support of:
Satellite image of landscape                                             MSc3 Uranism
Leiden to Gouda                                                  Thesis Plan (AR3U022)
(Google Earth, 2012)                                Graduation Lab Urbanism (AR3U100)


Univerity of Science                     Chair                      Graduation studio
TU Delft                                                                 Complex cities &
Faculty of Architecture        Spatial Planning and Strategy    Regions in Transformation
Summary
          S                         Summary




          This summary of the explains the structure research project.

          This master thesis contains a comprehensive           on concepts and models which support
          and multi-disciplinary research on the                integrated transport planning, such as ‘Transit
          integration of transport infrastructure and land-     Oriented Development’ (TOD). Because of the
          use. ‘The Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL), a rail project      multi-dimensional content this research, the
          which connects the area between Leiden and            theoretical framework shows the structure of
          Gouda is chosen as a case study. The research         the TIP-model (Koppenjan & Groenewegen,
          is comprehensive in the sense that studies            2005), and follows this structure in finding
          are done according to three dimensions for            specific concepts within the spatial, institutional
          ‘complex technological systems’ such as railway       and process dimension. This means that the
          infrastructure: technical (space), institutions and   research goes further than spatial development
          process – derived from the conceptual ‘TIP-           concepts as TOD; from the institutional
          model’ of Koppenjan and Groenewegen (2005).           perspective organizational models are
                                                                investigated that support the spatial concepts
          The research of this master thesis draws on           and the integration of policies. In terms of
          some critical issues and major developments,          process, strategic spatial planning approaches
          which contribute to a changing practice               and funding mechanisms are explained.
          of spatial planning in the Netherlands: the           Subsequently, research criteria or indicators are
          constraints around integration of infrastructure      derived from the theoretical concepts, which
          planning and spatial development, and the             can be used for the empirical analysis of the
          related issues of governance at regional              case study area in order to find answers to the
          level, between provincial and municipal               research questions. The case study is regarded
          administration – also known as the ‘regional          as the specific field study.
          gap’. Both issues come together with projects
          in regional transport infrastructure. Within          The Rijn Gouwe Lijn (RGL) is used as a case
          this context two main research questions              study to address these issues. The east-part
          define the subject of research, the first for           of this project is a railway line, running from
          addressing the issues at the case study, the          Leiden to Gouda. This project is relevant
          second for proposing (alternative) design             because it crosses various municipal territories.
          recommendations:                                      Also the project is known of it’s the difficulties
                                                                around the decision-making process. The
          •   What are the issues of governance                 empirical research on this project (from the
              between local planning agencies, around           perspective of space, institutions and process)
              the integration of sectoral polices on            shows that there was no or little governance
              mobility and land-use and around the              culture at involved public authorities for
              implementation of a transport infrastructure      integration of policies on mobility and land-use.
              project such as the Rijn Gouwe Lijn at            Also supporting integral concepts or visions on
              regional level?                                   the project where missing. Thirdly, the study
                                                                reveals the potentials of regional partnerships
          •   What planning mechanism can address               to fill the ‘regional gap’ between municipalities
              issues of governance, facilitate integration of   and provincial government.
              policies and support the implementation of
              such a project?                                   Based on the results of the case study and with
                                                                the knowledge of various theoretical concepts
          The research is inductive: it starts with an          related to integrated transport planning, some
          observation study on the spatial planning             recommendations have been done which
          practice within the Netherlands, including the        ultimately have been translated to (alternative)
          current issues and developments within this           spatial, institutional and process design
          system that might influence large infrastructure       proposals for the project and its region – the
          projects (appendix A). This stage, the general        design of artifacts.
          field study, is followed by a literature study

          Fig. 0.1 Research methodology: inductive research

          Fig. 0.2 Adapted satellite image of landscape
 2        between Leiden & Gouda                                                            Summary          3
A
                          Acknowledgements



                          I would like to thank all the persons who contributed to the graduation
                          project. Inquiries with experts, citizens, and other respondents - the
                          interviewees from the provine of Zuid-Holland, the municipality of
                          Zoeterwoude, the regional partnership Holland Rijnland, the former
                          alderman of the municipality of Leiden, the Chamber of Commerce
                          (KvK) and ProRail. Also I would like to emphasize Procap for their
                          willingness to get me the right information, the project organization of
                          the Rijn Gouwe Lijn who kept me informed on the recent developments
                          around the project and the association ‘Deltametropool’ who helped
                          me with some of the empirical analysis.

                          My special thanks go out to my parents, who always have been
                          there for me. They supported me in my studies since I started at the
                          Intermediate Vocational Education (MBO). It is doubtful if I would have
                          achieved this level without their mental support.

                          Last but not least, I would like to thank Vincent Nadin and Wil
                          Zonneveld for their mentorship. They allowed me to study spatial
                          planning issues that caught my personal interest, and supported me to
                          involve studies on other disciplines such as public management.


                          Jasper Bras
                          Delft, November 2012




Fig. 0.3 Traditionally a photograph of every
graduation student within the studio Complex
Cities is taken, in order to promote the
subject of research.                                            Acknowledgements              5
P
                                                                                                        Preface



“…to this day, the Dutch commit almost everything to paper – the written word is sacred. There          If we think of large scale infrastructure projects in the Netherlands
is a certain distrust of oral agreements. If an oral agreement is made, and it is to a certain extent   that have been developed recently we might come to the conclusion
                                                                                                        that the number of completed projects in terms of rail infrastructure is
official, the parties prefer to follow it up with a written confirmation, which often concludes with    very limited. And if someone might ask to give a successful example
the qualification that the agreement is valid unless statement is made to contrary. The written         of a railway line that has been developed last years it is hard to give
word is law.” – Van der Horst (1996) pp. 136                                                            a positive answer to this. We probably all know the ‘Betuwelijn’ or the
                                                                                                        recently completed ‘HSL’ (FYRA) (both connecting the Netherlands with
                                                                                                        its neighbouring countries), because of the issues around these projects;
                                                                                                        the extraordinary budget and their outranging costs in particular. It
                                                                                                        even might be argued that such projects have put large railway projects
                                                                                                        in a negative perspective. But also projects of smaller scale have been
                                                                                                        realized, at regional level: the ‘Randstadrail’ for example – a tramline
                                                                                                        that connects The Hague and Rotterdam. This project is probably
                                                                                                        more successful, partly because the line has been built together with
                                                                                                        its surroundings. Nevertheless, what these projects have in common
                                                                                                        is that they are defined by high complexity; for instance, they require
                                                                                                        participation of many different stakeholders and ask for integral
                                                                                                        planning approaches because these projects interact with their spatial
                                                                                                        and programmatic environment.

                                                                                                        The research of this master thesis draws on these constraints regarding
                                                                                                        integration of infrastructure planning and spatial development, and
                                                                                                        addresses the related issues of governance at regional level, between
                                                                                                        provincial and municipal administration - the ‘regional gap’. Both issues
                                                                                                        come together with projects in regional transport infrastructure. In
                                                                                                        order to understand the context of this ‘arena’ the thesis contains a
                                                                                                        survey on the system of spatial planning in the Netherlands, including
                                                                                                        the latest practices related to integrated transport planning.

                                                                                                        Secondly, in order to find potential and appropriate concepts that
                                                                                                        anticipate on these critical issues, various theories on integrated
                                                                                                        transport planning (e.g. nodal development or ‘transit oriented
                                                                                                        development’) and regional governance (e.g. institutional capacity
                                                                                                        building) are derived from literature research. As part of the empirical
                                                                                                        research, a regional transport infrastructure project has been taken as
                                                                                                        a case study: the ‘Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL) between Leiden and Gouda. In
                                                                                                        this case the critical issues regarding regional transport infrastructure
                                                                                                        are addressed and appropriate concepts from the theoretical study are
                                                                                                        applied.




                                                                                                                                                               Preface       7
T                       Table of content                                                                                                                Table of content




    Summary                                                                                3             2.4.1 Strategic spatial planning                                                68
                                                                                                         2.4.2 Funding mechanisms                                                        70
    Acknowledgements                                                                       5             2.4.3 How to apply at the case study?                                           71
                                                                                                   2.5   The empirical assessment                                                        72
    Preface                                                                                7             2.3.1 The purposes of the empirical research                                    72
                                                                                                         2.3.2 Studies on spatial & programmatic implications                            72
    Reader                                                                                13             2.3.3 Studies on institutional capacity & process                               73
                                                                                                         2.3.4 From case study to alternative design, and further                        74
    Organization                                                                          15
                                                                                               3   The case of the RGL                                                                   77
    1        Introduction                                                                 17
                                                                                                   3.1   Rijn Gouwe Lijn: the details                                                 78
             1.1   Rationale for this study                                               19             3.1.1 Project agreements                                                     78
             1.2   Problem analysis & motivation                                          21             3.1.2 The crucial steps in decision making                                   79
             1.3   Problem statement                                                      25             3.1.3 The organization behind the RGL                                        81
             1.4   Aims & research questions                                              26       3.2   The spatial and programmatic implications                                    84
             1.5   Research approach                                                      29             3.2.1 The spatial characteristics of the region                              85
                   1.5.1 Research components                                              29             3.2.2 The spatial and programmatic embeddedness of the RGL                   89
                   1.5.2 Research methodology                                             31             3.2.3 The station typologies                                                 93
             1.6   Introduction of the case study area                                    33             3.2.4 The municipal plans for spatial development                           100
                   1.6.1 Policies on infrastructure development                           33             3.2.5 Conclusion of the spatial studies                                     100
                   1.6.2 Geographical conditions                                          33       3.3   The institutional capacity & steering process                               102
                   1.6.3 Territories                                                      37             3.3.1 The legal powers                                                      102
                   1.6.4 Use of data for empirical research                               37             3.3.2 The interests and ambitions                                           104
                                                                                                         3.3.3 Sectors, territories and organizations                                109
    2        Integrative concepts from theory                                             39             3.3.4 The degree of operation: integration, coordination or coordination?   111
                                                                                                         3.3.5 The role of the regional partnerships                                 113
             2.1   Space, institutions, process                                           40             3.3.6 Governance culture                                                    115
             2.2   Spatial concepts of integrated transport planning                      42
                   2.2.1 Physical elements: nfrastructure & land-use                      42   4   Conclusion & recommendations                                                      117
                   2.2.2 Morphological elements: types of development                     43
                   2.2.3 Transit oriented development                                     47       4.1   Conclusions case study                                                      118
                   2.2.4 How to apply at the case study?                                  50       4.2   (Design) recommendations for case study                                     122
             2.3   Integrative concepts for the institutional environment                 51             4.2.1 Strategic spatial planning (process)                                  125
                   2.3.1 Types of institutions and their relations                        51             4.2.2 Transit oriented development (space)                                  126
                   2.3.2 Institutional arrangements: ‘the mutual fit’                     55             4.2.3 Institutional framework (institutions)                                133
                   2.3.3 Adjustment of policies: integration, coordination, cooperation   55       4.3   Recommendations to similar projects in the Netherlands                      136
                   2.3.4 Resources                                                        61       4.4   Recommendations for future research                                         139
                   2.3.5 Capacity building                                                64
                   2.3.6 How to apply at the case study?                                  66
             2.4   Strategic planning and integratel funding concepts                     67



8                                                                                                                                                                                    9
Table of content




     5   Bibliography                                          141

         5.1   Literature                                      142
         5.2   Illustrations                                   148

     6   Appendix                                              151

         A     Spatial planning in the Netherlands
         B     RGL project agreement: financial distribution
         C     Empirical analysis of the case study area
         D     Analysis SprintStad (Deltametropool)
         E     List of interviewees
         F     Reflection




10                                                                                11
Reader
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               R                         Reader




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Before the content of the thesis is part of subject it is helpful to get an idea of how this thesis

                                                                                                                                                                            1                                                                                  1 Sec on
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               is structured and how this thesis can be red. Therefore the Lay-out of the thesis and the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Structure of the thesis are being explained first.
                                                                                              Title                 Introduction                                                                                                                               •           Number of chapter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               •           Title
                            Plan
                     Thesis                                                                   About                 The rst section contains the thesis plan. This is the proposal
                                                                                                                    for graduation with the thesis as the end product. In the rst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               •           Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               •           Keywords
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Lay out                                              Structure of thesis
                                                                                                                    paragraph the Organization of the study and the studio is
                                                                                                                    explained (1.1). The second paragraph contains the Rationale for
                                                                                                                    this study where the discourse and the relevance of the study
                                                                                                                    are being explained (1.2). In Introducing & framing the objectives


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               •           Overview of paragraph
                                                                                                                    (1.3) several elements which are taking part of the research are
                                                                                                                    mentioned. This is followed by the Context (1.4) introducing the
                                                                                                                    sight, the project area where the analytical studies are about. The
                                                                                                                    Problem statement (1.5) contains the problem where the research
                                                                                                                    based on. This paragraph is followed by the Aims & research
                                                                                                                    questions (1.6) containing the theoretical and analytical aims,
                                                                                                                    the main research question and sub-questions for the research.
                                                                                                                    The research strategy and methodology are being explained in
                                                                                                                    Research approach (1.7) followed by the Expected outcomes in
                                                                                                                    (1.8). The section will be ended with Phasing & time schedule
                                                                                                                    placing the research in time (1.9).


                                                                                              Keywords              Thesis plan - Organization - Decentralization - Relevance                                                                                                                                                                                                  The lay out of this thesis contains different page   This thesis is divided into seven chapters.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               styles.                                              The first section (1) Introduction is in fact the
                                                                                              Paragraphs            #1.1
                                                                                                                    #1.2
                                                                                                                    #1.3
                                                                                                                           Organization
                                                                                                                           Rationale for this study
                                                                                                                           Introducting and framing the objectives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    thesis plan where all further chapters will are
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    introduced; it contains the proposal for the
                                                                                                                    #1.4   Context
                                                                                                                    #1.5   Problem statement
                                                                                                                    #1.6   Aims & research questions


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    research.
                                                                                                                    #1.7   Research approach
                                                                                                                    #1.8   Expected outcomes
                                                                                                                    #1.9   Phasing & time schedule

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               •           Illustration                                                                                        1 Sec on page
 12   1. Introduction /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras ///                                     Fig. 1.1 Adapted image of note (Martintolley, 2012)                                         13



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    In the second chapter (2) Theoretical framework,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               First there are pages which introduce a new          various theoretical models and concepts are
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               chapter. These pages contain a brief summary         explained which are relevant for the research.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               and introduction of the elements that are            This section is the framework for the empirical
                                                                                                                                                   2.2                           Planning instruments                                                                                                                       2. Theoretical framework

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               discussed in the chapter, several keywords and       study. It provides supporting information for
                          2 Paragraph                                                                                                              In this paragraph several planning instruments will be discussed. These are theoretical
                                                                                                                                                   planning models which can be used in practice. Because every planning model is being
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       visions (SV) which are more exible and less
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       restrictive than the ones they had to develop
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           take a broader view into consideration and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           seek collaboration: ‘To incorporate mutual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               an overview of the paragraphs which are part of      practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               the section.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       before (Rijksoverheid, 2011; Gier, 2011). In        interdependencies between neighbouring
                                                                                                                                                   created from another perspective they will be compared. Out of this paragraph one model or                          practice the policy encourages provinces and        municipalities’ (Hulst & Van Montfort, 2007).
                                                                                                                                                   a combination of models which seems to be the most suitable for an adaption in practice will                        municipalities to develop within their own          Doing so a single SV will evolve partly into a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       urban borders. Spatial developments within          bigger planning context: the inter-municipal


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The third chapter (3) is the Empirical assessment.
                                                                                                                                                   be projected on the case study area. Before the alternative planning instruments from theory


                          •               Number of paragraph
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       the municipal borders can have an impact on         structure vision (ISV). The term inter-municipal
                                                                                                                                                   are being mentioned, the current models of spatial planning (2.2.1) Recent developments                             externalities across those borders where local      implies that the vision is cross-border (Hulst &
                                                                                                                                                   on spatial planning in NL and spatial policies (2.2.2) Wro & structure visions, used in the                         authorities don’t have to be held responsible       Van Montfort, 2007) and involves more than
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       for (Needham, 2011). Due to the retreatment of      one municipal territory). Over the past years


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    This section contains the research around the
                                                                                                                                                   Netherlands will be addressed. In (2.2.3) Strategic spatial planning approaches, the planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       national planning policy these con icts will be     the rst ISV’s have seen the light – Zuidplas


                          •               Title
                                                                                                                                                   models from theory will be discussed, followed by the capacity of planning instruments to                           covered less.                                       (Stuurgroep Driehoek RZG Zuidplas, 2006)
                                                                                                                                                   change structures of Governance (2.2.4). In each sub-paragraph solutions will be addressed.                                                                             and Greenport Boskoop (BVR & TAUW, 2009).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       In the current situation municipalities and         In practice these visions are solely developed



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    case study area.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       provincial governments rst have to develop          from economic perspectives and are not based
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       a SV (article 124 of the Dutch constitution)


                          •               Summary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           on scienti c sources, for there is no theoretical
                                                                                                                                                   2.2.1 Recent developments on                            (2010). In his inaugural speech at the TU Delft             to make it more explicit in a later phase.
                                                                                                                                                   spatial planning in NL
                                                                                                                                                                                                           Fragmentation and Structure: Challenges for
                                                                                                                                                                                                           spatial research and policy he relates the theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                           of fragmentation in both governance and space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       This ne tuning will be done in a so called
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ‘bestemmingsplan’ (regulation plan) on
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       municipal level, and an ‘inpassingsplan’
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           framework nor clear de nition of an ISV, and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           there are no directives to support the practice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               2 Paragraph page
                          •               Title of sub-paragraph
                                                                                                                                                   The history of Dutch spatial planning can be            to the Dutch context - in accordance with the               (adjustment plan) on provincial and national
                                                                                                                                                                                                           earlier statement of Kanie (2011), the different            scale. These plans have a juridical character.
                                                                                                                                                   typed as the integrated comprehensive model                                                                                                                             2.2.3 Strategic spatial planning

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The thesis will be ended with a section of
                                                                                                                                                   (Nadin, 2010) which can be interpreted as a             types of government addressed by Hooghe                     Except for the ‘inpassingsplans’ which become
                                                                                                                                                   planning model that provides solutions for              and Marks (2003) and the SSP approaches of                  less restrictive compared to former provincial      approaches
                                                                                                                                                   everything (Albrechts, 2006). This model of             Albrechts (2004; 2006). They all acknowledge a              ‘streekplan’ and the former national ‘PKB’


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               There are also pages that introduce a new
                                                                                                                                                   government-led spatial planning became over             need for new types of (sub-level) governance                (Planological Key Decisions Rijksoverheid,          What are strategic spatial plans (SSP) and in
                                                                                                                                                                                                           together with new exible formats of spatial


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Conclusion and recommendations (4), which also
                                                                                                                                                   the years no longer suf cient over the years                                                                        2008). As a result municipalities have more         how far do they differ from the project plans
                                                                                                                                                   to meet market demands (Hajer, 2003). One of            planning. These innovative forms should answer              freedom in their decision making process.           (as was the case within the comprehensive
                                                                                                                                                   the purposes of the decentralization process            the unde ned exibility in recent shifts within                                                                  integrated model of planning in the NL)?


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               paragraph. Each paragraph is introduced very
                                                                                                                                                   in the spatial planning policies is to stimulate        the Dutch system of spatial planning.                       It should be kept in mind that the number           Whereas a project plan is more conformance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       of scienti c sources which are describing the


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    includes design alternatives for the case study
                                                                                                                                                   new SSP practises which are more orientated                                                                                                                             based, strategic plan is more performance
                                                                                                                                                   towards the involvement of a variety of actors          The decentralization process (in the                        use of a spatial SV in the Netherlands are very     based (more focused on quality instead
                                                                                                                                                   (like actor-network theory or collaborative             Netherlands) can have a positive impact when                limited – except for (Van den Donker, 2005;         of quantity) (Albrechts, 2006). According



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               shortly at the top of the page. This part is
                                                                                                                                                   planning) (Healey, 2003, 2007). But as long             making ‘a proper institutional design’, but can             Liefferink, 2011) – while in practice the use of    to Albrechts (2004, 2006) we might say in
                                                                                                                                                   as there is no proven alternative or no clear           also lead to fragmentation (Kanie, 2011). In                SV’s are obligated by the Dutch planning law        terms of plans: master plan/land-use plans


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    area.
                                                                                                                                                   guidelines these decision might have (negative)         order to make an institutional design succeed it            Wro. According to Liefferink (2011) the spatial     vs. strategic plans; in terms of planning type:
                                                                                                                                                   spatial consequences. A shift towards a more            is necessary to create a proper network among               SV can be classi ed as strategic spatial plan and   legal regulation vs. framework; in terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                           various decentralized actors and to ensure that             not as a project plan which has the character


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               written in another font.
                                                                                                                                                   decentralized spatial planning might lead to a                                                                                                                          of governance type: government-led vs.
                                                                                                                                                   further differentiation in the spatial structure        the framework is exible. Regarding theory                   of a so called ‘blue print plan’ This means that    government-led-but-negotiated form of
                                                                                                                                                   within regions (Needham, 2011). Based on                it becomes clear that such an institutional                 for better exploration of scienti c sources a       governance. Or we de ne the differences:
                                                                                                                                                   these recent developments in spatial planning           design can be part of a SSP (Albrechts, 2004;               (inter-municipal) SV can be better addressed as
                                                                                                                                                   policies the Dutch model will not be that               Allmendinger & Haughton, 2009). A further                   a strategic spatial plan for a speci c territory,           project plan (blue-print plan):
                                                                                                                                                   comprehensive anymore but takes another                 explanation of this instrument can be found in a            albeit the fact a SSP implies more than a vision            conformance based / comprehensive /


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The Bibliography can be find in chapter (5),
                                                                                                                                                   direction towards a still unde ned exibility.           speci c chapter at the end of this paper.                   (Albrechts, 2004).                                          land use planning / government-led /
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   regulation plan;

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   strategic spatial plan: performance



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    followed by the Appendix (6), which also
                                                                                                                                                   Flexible instrument: Strategic spatial                  2.2.2 Wro & structure visions                               Possible instrument: Inter-municipal                        based / selective / actor engaging /
                                                                                                                                                   planning                                                                                                            structure vision                                            government-led-but-negotiated-form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   of governance / providing a framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                           Introduced in 2008 by the Rijksoverheid                                                                                 (for actions).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Governments are compelled by the Wro to
                                                                                                                                                   The current shifts in the spatial planning system       (2011) the Wro (Wet ruimtelijke ordening) law


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    contains a survey of the spatial planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       produce their own SV. In order to minimize
                                                                                                                                                   and the related problems in the Netherlands             obliges governments on national, provincial                                                                     Where comprehensive planning is hierarchical
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       undesired externalities as a result of their
                                                                                                                                                   are being acknowledged by Zonneveld                     and municipal level to make structure                                                                           and persuasive, strategic spatial planning is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       planning activities, it seems logical that they




                                                                                                                                            48     2. Theoretical framework /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras ///                                                                                                                  2.2 Theoretical framework              49
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               3 Regular page                                       context: the system and daily practice of spatial
                                        1.2 Rationale for this study
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    planning in the Netherlands. The norms, values,
                                                                                                                                                                                                         1. Introduction


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Then there are the regular pages which contain       instruments and authorities regarding spatial
                                                                                                                           When it comes to spatial development around
                                                                                                                           this infrastructure there seems to be little
                                                                                                                           consensuses. Both provincial and municipal
                                                                                                                                                                                   It could be argued that the role of the urban
                                                                                                                                                                                   planner or designer (what both could be
                                                                                                                                                                                   typed as urbanist) play an important role in                                                                                                                                                only text, text supported with illustrations         planning are explained in this study.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (always on the left side), or pages with only
                                                                                                                           tiers of government do not have adjusted                this. Therefore the urbanist needs to have
                                                                                                                           their spatial visions for locations around the          the capacity to not only understand these
                                                                                                                           line. With the retreating of higher tiers of            urbanization processes but also needs to know
                                                                                                                           government both municipalities and province             how to deal with, how to participate and how to
                                                                                                                           need to operate more coherent when it comes
                                                                                                                           to spatial planning, especially because this
                                                                                                                           location is not labelled as a national ‘key region’
                                                                                                                           (mainport, brainport or greenport).
                                                                                                                                                                                   intervene within this complexity.



                                                                                                                                                                                   2. Different arenas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   3 Regular                                                                                                   illustrations.
                                                                                                                                                                                   For the role of an urbanist there could be made
                                                                                                                           Academic relevance                                      a distinction between the developed countries,
                                                                                                                                                                                   the developing countries and the undeveloped



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •                Title & number of section
                                                                                                                                                                                   countries which are all dealing with
                                                                                                                           According to Needham (2011) the amount of
                                                                                                                                                                                   urbanization processes but on a different way.
                                                                                                                           research that has been done on the impact of
                                                                                                                                                                                   Next to this it is important to realize political
                                                                                                                           policies on the structure of spatial development
                                                                                                                                                                                   structures, economic powers and socio-cultural
                                                                                                                           is limited. It is even harder to nd attempts
                                                                                                                                                                                   backgrounds – which are in uencing the role of


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •                Title & number of paragraph
                                                                                                                           which formulate integral strategies answering
                                                                                                                                                                                   an urbanist – differ between countries.
                                                                                                                           these con icts. In the work of Zonneveld (2010)
                                                                                                                           similar observations are addressed.

                                                                                                                           By doing analytical research on this project


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •                Explanation of illustration
                                                                                                                                                                                   3. The task of an urbanist
                                                                                                                           location, followed by an attempt to apply
                                                                                                                           planning instruments from theory as an                  To continue with the ethics of an urbanist it the
                                                                                                                           alternative for the current mechanism, I hope           tasks of this profession need to be considered
                                                                                                                           to gain new useful information which could be            rst.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •                Page number & chapter
                                                                                                                           added to current spatial planning approaches.
                                                                                                                                                                                   What should be the task of an Urbanist?
                                                                                                                                                                                   Allmendinger and Haughton (2009) mention
                                                                                                                                                                                   that the task of an urbanist has shifted: ‘…it
                                                                                                                           Ethical relevance                                       could be argued that planners are not central to


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •                Page number & paragraph
                                                                                                                                                                                   the governance processes (…) in essence, they are
                                                                                                                           Ethical relevance in terms of urban planning and        part of a fragmented landscape of governance,
                                                                                                                           design is can be interpreted in many different          whose complexity seems to require coordination
                                                                                                                           ways. In this paragraph I try to address some           not at one particular privileged sector, but
                                                                                                                           of these interpretations. Ethical relevance in          instead through some complex, tangled
                                                                                                                           terms of recent developments (the urgency of            networks operating across scales and sectors.’
                                                                                                                           our profession) (1), the context or the working         (Allmendinger and Haughton, 2009: 629)
                                                                                                                            eld wherein a planner operates (2), the tasks of
                                                                                                                           an urban planner (3), urban planning in con ict         To continue with: ‘So planners, and others
                                                                                                                           areas (4) and the need of urban planning in the         involved in the development process, are not
                                                                                                                           context of the Netherlands (5).                         only coordinating across different spaces and
                                                                                                                                                                                   sectors, but also negotiating the resultant
                                                                                                                                                                                   different time scales.’ and ‘the other aspect of
                                                                                                                                                                                   delivery which planners are starting to have to
                                                                                                                           1. Urgency of our profession                            deal with more thoroughly than in the past is
                                                                                                                                                                                   the complexity of funding streams involved in
                                                                                                                           Especially in these times where rapid processes         large-scale regeneration.’ (Allmendinger and
                                                                                                                           of urbanization are taking place all around the         Haughton, 2009: 629) Despite of the fact that
                                                                                                                           world, the essence of understanding these               this is about the UK it might also count for the
                                                                                                                           processes becomes increasingly important.               Netherlands where similar processes are going
                                        Fig. 1.1 wefwefawfawfawfewaewaefaw (www.


                                 18     1. Introduction /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras ///                                                                                             1.2 Rationale for this study            19




12                      Reader /// Thesis /// Jasper Bras                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Reader        13
Organization
                                                                           O                          Organization of the department




                                                                           In order to understand the discourse wherein this study is taking place it is important to
                                                                           understand the structure of the study and to know the philosophy of the graduation studio.
                                                                           This will be explained in this paragraph.




                                                                           This gradua on project is taking place within the
         Macroeconomics                                                    studio of Complex Ci es. This gradua on studio is a
                                                                           specializa on of the master track Urbanism within
                                                                           the master programme Architecture, Urbanism and
                          Political science                                Building Sciences of the Faculty of Architecture,
                                                                           at the TU Del . The studio is organized by Spa al
                                                                           Planning and Strategy, a core chair of the faculty.
                                                                           Both the studio and the chair are led by Professor
           Social                                               Physical   Vincent Nadin and assisted by prac ce professor
                                                                           Joost Schrijnen. Professor Wil Zonneveld holds a
          sciences             Public management                sciences   joint post with the OTB Research Ins tute with
                                 & governance                              whom there is much collabora on.

                                                                           The studio deals with the complexity of
                                                                           contemporary ci es. The urban planners and
                                                                           designers who join the studio try to understand the
                                                                           urban processes and the network of ci es within
        Sociology              Interdisciplinary      Traffic & transport   the global society, its economy and its high quality
                                  field of this           engineering
                                                                           services. Despite the fact that the global network
                                   research                                is increasingly determining the global city, each
                                                                           urban region characterized by its own climate,
                                                                           cultural background and ethnical background
            Social geography                                               e.g. Urban planners and designers study on these
                                              Spatial & urban              rela ons of the contemporary global ci es with
                                                                           an environmental, economic, social and poli cal
                                                 planning                  diversity, connected to both global and local
                                                                           networks. Within this network they try to propose
                     Spatial form                                          design interven ons which may increase the
                                                                           capacity of the urban regions and local places.




                                    Design




                                                                           Fig. 3 Interdisciplinary field of this research

                                                                                                                                                 Organization      15
1
     Title                 Introduction



     About                 The first section contains the thesis plan. This is the proposal
                           for graduation wich also pays attention to he outlines for the
                           research: the arguments and motivation for this study, a problem
                           definition and the aims for research. The section also introduces
                           the research approach, the methodology and contains an
                           introduction of the case tudy.




     Keywords              Thesis plan - Rationale - Motivation - Problem statement -
                           Methodology - Case study




     Paragraphs            #1.1   Rationale for this study
                           #1.2   Problem analysis & motivation
                           #1.3   Problem statement
                           #1.4   Aims & research questions
                           #1.5   Research approach
                           #1.6   Introduction of the case study area




16   Fig. 1.1 Photograph: station area Leiden                                          17
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
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Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
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Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
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Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
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Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area
Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area

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Integration of Transport & Land-use: The case of the Leiden-Gouda area

  • 1. Integration of transport & land-use The case of the Leiden - Gouda area Delft, Jasper Bras
  • 2. Integration of transport and land-use: The case of the Leiden - Gouda area Delft, 24th Januari 2013 Thesis plan MSc Urbanism Architecture, Uranism and Building Sciences Student Jasper Bras 1402579 J.Bras@student.tudelft.nl www.jasperbras.nl Mentors 1st mentor Prof. V. (Vincent) Nadin V.Nadin@tudelft.nl 2nd mentor Prof. dr. W.A.M. (Wil) Zonneveld W.A.M.Zonneveld@tudelft.nl External committee member A.S. (Alper) Alkan MA A.S.Alkan@tudelft.nl Cover image: In support of: Satellite image of landscape MSc3 Uranism Leiden to Gouda Thesis Plan (AR3U022) (Google Earth, 2012) Graduation Lab Urbanism (AR3U100) Univerity of Science Chair Graduation studio TU Delft Complex cities & Faculty of Architecture Spatial Planning and Strategy Regions in Transformation
  • 3. Summary S Summary This summary of the explains the structure research project. This master thesis contains a comprehensive on concepts and models which support and multi-disciplinary research on the integrated transport planning, such as ‘Transit integration of transport infrastructure and land- Oriented Development’ (TOD). Because of the use. ‘The Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL), a rail project multi-dimensional content this research, the which connects the area between Leiden and theoretical framework shows the structure of Gouda is chosen as a case study. The research the TIP-model (Koppenjan & Groenewegen, is comprehensive in the sense that studies 2005), and follows this structure in finding are done according to three dimensions for specific concepts within the spatial, institutional ‘complex technological systems’ such as railway and process dimension. This means that the infrastructure: technical (space), institutions and research goes further than spatial development process – derived from the conceptual ‘TIP- concepts as TOD; from the institutional model’ of Koppenjan and Groenewegen (2005). perspective organizational models are investigated that support the spatial concepts The research of this master thesis draws on and the integration of policies. In terms of some critical issues and major developments, process, strategic spatial planning approaches which contribute to a changing practice and funding mechanisms are explained. of spatial planning in the Netherlands: the Subsequently, research criteria or indicators are constraints around integration of infrastructure derived from the theoretical concepts, which planning and spatial development, and the can be used for the empirical analysis of the related issues of governance at regional case study area in order to find answers to the level, between provincial and municipal research questions. The case study is regarded administration – also known as the ‘regional as the specific field study. gap’. Both issues come together with projects in regional transport infrastructure. Within The Rijn Gouwe Lijn (RGL) is used as a case this context two main research questions study to address these issues. The east-part define the subject of research, the first for of this project is a railway line, running from addressing the issues at the case study, the Leiden to Gouda. This project is relevant second for proposing (alternative) design because it crosses various municipal territories. recommendations: Also the project is known of it’s the difficulties around the decision-making process. The • What are the issues of governance empirical research on this project (from the between local planning agencies, around perspective of space, institutions and process) the integration of sectoral polices on shows that there was no or little governance mobility and land-use and around the culture at involved public authorities for implementation of a transport infrastructure integration of policies on mobility and land-use. project such as the Rijn Gouwe Lijn at Also supporting integral concepts or visions on regional level? the project where missing. Thirdly, the study reveals the potentials of regional partnerships • What planning mechanism can address to fill the ‘regional gap’ between municipalities issues of governance, facilitate integration of and provincial government. policies and support the implementation of such a project? Based on the results of the case study and with the knowledge of various theoretical concepts The research is inductive: it starts with an related to integrated transport planning, some observation study on the spatial planning recommendations have been done which practice within the Netherlands, including the ultimately have been translated to (alternative) current issues and developments within this spatial, institutional and process design system that might influence large infrastructure proposals for the project and its region – the projects (appendix A). This stage, the general design of artifacts. field study, is followed by a literature study Fig. 0.1 Research methodology: inductive research Fig. 0.2 Adapted satellite image of landscape 2 between Leiden & Gouda Summary 3
  • 4. A Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the persons who contributed to the graduation project. Inquiries with experts, citizens, and other respondents - the interviewees from the provine of Zuid-Holland, the municipality of Zoeterwoude, the regional partnership Holland Rijnland, the former alderman of the municipality of Leiden, the Chamber of Commerce (KvK) and ProRail. Also I would like to emphasize Procap for their willingness to get me the right information, the project organization of the Rijn Gouwe Lijn who kept me informed on the recent developments around the project and the association ‘Deltametropool’ who helped me with some of the empirical analysis. My special thanks go out to my parents, who always have been there for me. They supported me in my studies since I started at the Intermediate Vocational Education (MBO). It is doubtful if I would have achieved this level without their mental support. Last but not least, I would like to thank Vincent Nadin and Wil Zonneveld for their mentorship. They allowed me to study spatial planning issues that caught my personal interest, and supported me to involve studies on other disciplines such as public management. Jasper Bras Delft, November 2012 Fig. 0.3 Traditionally a photograph of every graduation student within the studio Complex Cities is taken, in order to promote the subject of research. Acknowledgements 5
  • 5. P Preface “…to this day, the Dutch commit almost everything to paper – the written word is sacred. There If we think of large scale infrastructure projects in the Netherlands is a certain distrust of oral agreements. If an oral agreement is made, and it is to a certain extent that have been developed recently we might come to the conclusion that the number of completed projects in terms of rail infrastructure is official, the parties prefer to follow it up with a written confirmation, which often concludes with very limited. And if someone might ask to give a successful example the qualification that the agreement is valid unless statement is made to contrary. The written of a railway line that has been developed last years it is hard to give word is law.” – Van der Horst (1996) pp. 136 a positive answer to this. We probably all know the ‘Betuwelijn’ or the recently completed ‘HSL’ (FYRA) (both connecting the Netherlands with its neighbouring countries), because of the issues around these projects; the extraordinary budget and their outranging costs in particular. It even might be argued that such projects have put large railway projects in a negative perspective. But also projects of smaller scale have been realized, at regional level: the ‘Randstadrail’ for example – a tramline that connects The Hague and Rotterdam. This project is probably more successful, partly because the line has been built together with its surroundings. Nevertheless, what these projects have in common is that they are defined by high complexity; for instance, they require participation of many different stakeholders and ask for integral planning approaches because these projects interact with their spatial and programmatic environment. The research of this master thesis draws on these constraints regarding integration of infrastructure planning and spatial development, and addresses the related issues of governance at regional level, between provincial and municipal administration - the ‘regional gap’. Both issues come together with projects in regional transport infrastructure. In order to understand the context of this ‘arena’ the thesis contains a survey on the system of spatial planning in the Netherlands, including the latest practices related to integrated transport planning. Secondly, in order to find potential and appropriate concepts that anticipate on these critical issues, various theories on integrated transport planning (e.g. nodal development or ‘transit oriented development’) and regional governance (e.g. institutional capacity building) are derived from literature research. As part of the empirical research, a regional transport infrastructure project has been taken as a case study: the ‘Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL) between Leiden and Gouda. In this case the critical issues regarding regional transport infrastructure are addressed and appropriate concepts from the theoretical study are applied. Preface 7
  • 6. T Table of content Table of content Summary 3 2.4.1 Strategic spatial planning 68 2.4.2 Funding mechanisms 70 Acknowledgements 5 2.4.3 How to apply at the case study? 71 2.5 The empirical assessment 72 Preface 7 2.3.1 The purposes of the empirical research 72 2.3.2 Studies on spatial & programmatic implications 72 Reader 13 2.3.3 Studies on institutional capacity & process 73 2.3.4 From case study to alternative design, and further 74 Organization 15 3 The case of the RGL 77 1 Introduction 17 3.1 Rijn Gouwe Lijn: the details 78 1.1 Rationale for this study 19 3.1.1 Project agreements 78 1.2 Problem analysis & motivation 21 3.1.2 The crucial steps in decision making 79 1.3 Problem statement 25 3.1.3 The organization behind the RGL 81 1.4 Aims & research questions 26 3.2 The spatial and programmatic implications 84 1.5 Research approach 29 3.2.1 The spatial characteristics of the region 85 1.5.1 Research components 29 3.2.2 The spatial and programmatic embeddedness of the RGL 89 1.5.2 Research methodology 31 3.2.3 The station typologies 93 1.6 Introduction of the case study area 33 3.2.4 The municipal plans for spatial development 100 1.6.1 Policies on infrastructure development 33 3.2.5 Conclusion of the spatial studies 100 1.6.2 Geographical conditions 33 3.3 The institutional capacity & steering process 102 1.6.3 Territories 37 3.3.1 The legal powers 102 1.6.4 Use of data for empirical research 37 3.3.2 The interests and ambitions 104 3.3.3 Sectors, territories and organizations 109 2 Integrative concepts from theory 39 3.3.4 The degree of operation: integration, coordination or coordination? 111 3.3.5 The role of the regional partnerships 113 2.1 Space, institutions, process 40 3.3.6 Governance culture 115 2.2 Spatial concepts of integrated transport planning 42 2.2.1 Physical elements: nfrastructure & land-use 42 4 Conclusion & recommendations 117 2.2.2 Morphological elements: types of development 43 2.2.3 Transit oriented development 47 4.1 Conclusions case study 118 2.2.4 How to apply at the case study? 50 4.2 (Design) recommendations for case study 122 2.3 Integrative concepts for the institutional environment 51 4.2.1 Strategic spatial planning (process) 125 2.3.1 Types of institutions and their relations 51 4.2.2 Transit oriented development (space) 126 2.3.2 Institutional arrangements: ‘the mutual fit’ 55 4.2.3 Institutional framework (institutions) 133 2.3.3 Adjustment of policies: integration, coordination, cooperation 55 4.3 Recommendations to similar projects in the Netherlands 136 2.3.4 Resources 61 4.4 Recommendations for future research 139 2.3.5 Capacity building 64 2.3.6 How to apply at the case study? 66 2.4 Strategic planning and integratel funding concepts 67 8 9
  • 7. Table of content 5 Bibliography 141 5.1 Literature 142 5.2 Illustrations 148 6 Appendix 151 A Spatial planning in the Netherlands B RGL project agreement: financial distribution C Empirical analysis of the case study area D Analysis SprintStad (Deltametropool) E List of interviewees F Reflection 10 11
  • 8. Reader R Reader Before the content of the thesis is part of subject it is helpful to get an idea of how this thesis 1 1 Sec on is structured and how this thesis can be red. Therefore the Lay-out of the thesis and the Structure of the thesis are being explained first. Title Introduction • Number of chapter • Title Plan Thesis About The rst section contains the thesis plan. This is the proposal for graduation with the thesis as the end product. In the rst • Summary • Keywords Lay out Structure of thesis paragraph the Organization of the study and the studio is explained (1.1). The second paragraph contains the Rationale for this study where the discourse and the relevance of the study are being explained (1.2). In Introducing & framing the objectives • Overview of paragraph (1.3) several elements which are taking part of the research are mentioned. This is followed by the Context (1.4) introducing the sight, the project area where the analytical studies are about. The Problem statement (1.5) contains the problem where the research based on. This paragraph is followed by the Aims & research questions (1.6) containing the theoretical and analytical aims, the main research question and sub-questions for the research. The research strategy and methodology are being explained in Research approach (1.7) followed by the Expected outcomes in (1.8). The section will be ended with Phasing & time schedule placing the research in time (1.9). Keywords Thesis plan - Organization - Decentralization - Relevance The lay out of this thesis contains different page This thesis is divided into seven chapters. styles. The first section (1) Introduction is in fact the Paragraphs #1.1 #1.2 #1.3 Organization Rationale for this study Introducting and framing the objectives thesis plan where all further chapters will are introduced; it contains the proposal for the #1.4 Context #1.5 Problem statement #1.6 Aims & research questions research. #1.7 Research approach #1.8 Expected outcomes #1.9 Phasing & time schedule • Illustration 1 Sec on page 12 1. Introduction /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras /// Fig. 1.1 Adapted image of note (Martintolley, 2012) 13 In the second chapter (2) Theoretical framework, First there are pages which introduce a new various theoretical models and concepts are chapter. These pages contain a brief summary explained which are relevant for the research. and introduction of the elements that are This section is the framework for the empirical 2.2 Planning instruments 2. Theoretical framework discussed in the chapter, several keywords and study. It provides supporting information for 2 Paragraph In this paragraph several planning instruments will be discussed. These are theoretical planning models which can be used in practice. Because every planning model is being visions (SV) which are more exible and less restrictive than the ones they had to develop take a broader view into consideration and seek collaboration: ‘To incorporate mutual an overview of the paragraphs which are part of practice. the section. before (Rijksoverheid, 2011; Gier, 2011). In interdependencies between neighbouring created from another perspective they will be compared. Out of this paragraph one model or practice the policy encourages provinces and municipalities’ (Hulst & Van Montfort, 2007). a combination of models which seems to be the most suitable for an adaption in practice will municipalities to develop within their own Doing so a single SV will evolve partly into a urban borders. Spatial developments within bigger planning context: the inter-municipal The third chapter (3) is the Empirical assessment. be projected on the case study area. Before the alternative planning instruments from theory • Number of paragraph the municipal borders can have an impact on structure vision (ISV). The term inter-municipal are being mentioned, the current models of spatial planning (2.2.1) Recent developments externalities across those borders where local implies that the vision is cross-border (Hulst & on spatial planning in NL and spatial policies (2.2.2) Wro & structure visions, used in the authorities don’t have to be held responsible Van Montfort, 2007) and involves more than for (Needham, 2011). Due to the retreatment of one municipal territory). Over the past years This section contains the research around the Netherlands will be addressed. In (2.2.3) Strategic spatial planning approaches, the planning national planning policy these con icts will be the rst ISV’s have seen the light – Zuidplas • Title models from theory will be discussed, followed by the capacity of planning instruments to covered less. (Stuurgroep Driehoek RZG Zuidplas, 2006) change structures of Governance (2.2.4). In each sub-paragraph solutions will be addressed. and Greenport Boskoop (BVR & TAUW, 2009). In the current situation municipalities and In practice these visions are solely developed case study area. provincial governments rst have to develop from economic perspectives and are not based a SV (article 124 of the Dutch constitution) • Summary on scienti c sources, for there is no theoretical 2.2.1 Recent developments on (2010). In his inaugural speech at the TU Delft to make it more explicit in a later phase. spatial planning in NL Fragmentation and Structure: Challenges for spatial research and policy he relates the theory of fragmentation in both governance and space This ne tuning will be done in a so called ‘bestemmingsplan’ (regulation plan) on municipal level, and an ‘inpassingsplan’ framework nor clear de nition of an ISV, and there are no directives to support the practice. 2 Paragraph page • Title of sub-paragraph The history of Dutch spatial planning can be to the Dutch context - in accordance with the (adjustment plan) on provincial and national earlier statement of Kanie (2011), the different scale. These plans have a juridical character. typed as the integrated comprehensive model 2.2.3 Strategic spatial planning The thesis will be ended with a section of (Nadin, 2010) which can be interpreted as a types of government addressed by Hooghe Except for the ‘inpassingsplans’ which become planning model that provides solutions for and Marks (2003) and the SSP approaches of less restrictive compared to former provincial approaches everything (Albrechts, 2006). This model of Albrechts (2004; 2006). They all acknowledge a ‘streekplan’ and the former national ‘PKB’ There are also pages that introduce a new government-led spatial planning became over need for new types of (sub-level) governance (Planological Key Decisions Rijksoverheid, What are strategic spatial plans (SSP) and in together with new exible formats of spatial Conclusion and recommendations (4), which also the years no longer suf cient over the years 2008). As a result municipalities have more how far do they differ from the project plans to meet market demands (Hajer, 2003). One of planning. These innovative forms should answer freedom in their decision making process. (as was the case within the comprehensive the purposes of the decentralization process the unde ned exibility in recent shifts within integrated model of planning in the NL)? paragraph. Each paragraph is introduced very in the spatial planning policies is to stimulate the Dutch system of spatial planning. It should be kept in mind that the number Whereas a project plan is more conformance of scienti c sources which are describing the includes design alternatives for the case study new SSP practises which are more orientated based, strategic plan is more performance towards the involvement of a variety of actors The decentralization process (in the use of a spatial SV in the Netherlands are very based (more focused on quality instead (like actor-network theory or collaborative Netherlands) can have a positive impact when limited – except for (Van den Donker, 2005; of quantity) (Albrechts, 2006). According shortly at the top of the page. This part is planning) (Healey, 2003, 2007). But as long making ‘a proper institutional design’, but can Liefferink, 2011) – while in practice the use of to Albrechts (2004, 2006) we might say in as there is no proven alternative or no clear also lead to fragmentation (Kanie, 2011). In SV’s are obligated by the Dutch planning law terms of plans: master plan/land-use plans area. guidelines these decision might have (negative) order to make an institutional design succeed it Wro. According to Liefferink (2011) the spatial vs. strategic plans; in terms of planning type: spatial consequences. A shift towards a more is necessary to create a proper network among SV can be classi ed as strategic spatial plan and legal regulation vs. framework; in terms various decentralized actors and to ensure that not as a project plan which has the character written in another font. decentralized spatial planning might lead to a of governance type: government-led vs. further differentiation in the spatial structure the framework is exible. Regarding theory of a so called ‘blue print plan’ This means that government-led-but-negotiated form of within regions (Needham, 2011). Based on it becomes clear that such an institutional for better exploration of scienti c sources a governance. Or we de ne the differences: these recent developments in spatial planning design can be part of a SSP (Albrechts, 2004; (inter-municipal) SV can be better addressed as policies the Dutch model will not be that Allmendinger & Haughton, 2009). A further a strategic spatial plan for a speci c territory, project plan (blue-print plan): comprehensive anymore but takes another explanation of this instrument can be found in a albeit the fact a SSP implies more than a vision conformance based / comprehensive / The Bibliography can be find in chapter (5), direction towards a still unde ned exibility. speci c chapter at the end of this paper. (Albrechts, 2004). land use planning / government-led / regulation plan; strategic spatial plan: performance followed by the Appendix (6), which also Flexible instrument: Strategic spatial 2.2.2 Wro & structure visions Possible instrument: Inter-municipal based / selective / actor engaging / planning structure vision government-led-but-negotiated-form of governance / providing a framework Introduced in 2008 by the Rijksoverheid (for actions). Governments are compelled by the Wro to The current shifts in the spatial planning system (2011) the Wro (Wet ruimtelijke ordening) law contains a survey of the spatial planning produce their own SV. In order to minimize and the related problems in the Netherlands obliges governments on national, provincial Where comprehensive planning is hierarchical undesired externalities as a result of their are being acknowledged by Zonneveld and municipal level to make structure and persuasive, strategic spatial planning is planning activities, it seems logical that they 48 2. Theoretical framework /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras /// 2.2 Theoretical framework 49 3 Regular page context: the system and daily practice of spatial 1.2 Rationale for this study planning in the Netherlands. The norms, values, 1. Introduction Then there are the regular pages which contain instruments and authorities regarding spatial When it comes to spatial development around this infrastructure there seems to be little consensuses. Both provincial and municipal It could be argued that the role of the urban planner or designer (what both could be typed as urbanist) play an important role in only text, text supported with illustrations planning are explained in this study. (always on the left side), or pages with only tiers of government do not have adjusted this. Therefore the urbanist needs to have their spatial visions for locations around the the capacity to not only understand these line. With the retreating of higher tiers of urbanization processes but also needs to know government both municipalities and province how to deal with, how to participate and how to need to operate more coherent when it comes to spatial planning, especially because this location is not labelled as a national ‘key region’ (mainport, brainport or greenport). intervene within this complexity. 2. Different arenas 3 Regular illustrations. For the role of an urbanist there could be made Academic relevance a distinction between the developed countries, the developing countries and the undeveloped • Title & number of section countries which are all dealing with According to Needham (2011) the amount of urbanization processes but on a different way. research that has been done on the impact of Next to this it is important to realize political policies on the structure of spatial development structures, economic powers and socio-cultural is limited. It is even harder to nd attempts backgrounds – which are in uencing the role of • Title & number of paragraph which formulate integral strategies answering an urbanist – differ between countries. these con icts. In the work of Zonneveld (2010) similar observations are addressed. By doing analytical research on this project • Explanation of illustration 3. The task of an urbanist location, followed by an attempt to apply planning instruments from theory as an To continue with the ethics of an urbanist it the alternative for the current mechanism, I hope tasks of this profession need to be considered to gain new useful information which could be rst. • Page number & chapter added to current spatial planning approaches. What should be the task of an Urbanist? Allmendinger and Haughton (2009) mention that the task of an urbanist has shifted: ‘…it Ethical relevance could be argued that planners are not central to • Page number & paragraph the governance processes (…) in essence, they are Ethical relevance in terms of urban planning and part of a fragmented landscape of governance, design is can be interpreted in many different whose complexity seems to require coordination ways. In this paragraph I try to address some not at one particular privileged sector, but of these interpretations. Ethical relevance in instead through some complex, tangled terms of recent developments (the urgency of networks operating across scales and sectors.’ our profession) (1), the context or the working (Allmendinger and Haughton, 2009: 629) eld wherein a planner operates (2), the tasks of an urban planner (3), urban planning in con ict To continue with: ‘So planners, and others areas (4) and the need of urban planning in the involved in the development process, are not context of the Netherlands (5). only coordinating across different spaces and sectors, but also negotiating the resultant different time scales.’ and ‘the other aspect of delivery which planners are starting to have to 1. Urgency of our profession deal with more thoroughly than in the past is the complexity of funding streams involved in Especially in these times where rapid processes large-scale regeneration.’ (Allmendinger and of urbanization are taking place all around the Haughton, 2009: 629) Despite of the fact that world, the essence of understanding these this is about the UK it might also count for the processes becomes increasingly important. Netherlands where similar processes are going Fig. 1.1 wefwefawfawfawfewaewaefaw (www. 18 1. Introduction /// Thesis plan /// Jasper Bras /// 1.2 Rationale for this study 19 12 Reader /// Thesis /// Jasper Bras Reader 13
  • 9. Organization O Organization of the department In order to understand the discourse wherein this study is taking place it is important to understand the structure of the study and to know the philosophy of the graduation studio. This will be explained in this paragraph. This gradua on project is taking place within the Macroeconomics studio of Complex Ci es. This gradua on studio is a specializa on of the master track Urbanism within the master programme Architecture, Urbanism and Political science Building Sciences of the Faculty of Architecture, at the TU Del . The studio is organized by Spa al Planning and Strategy, a core chair of the faculty. Both the studio and the chair are led by Professor Social Physical Vincent Nadin and assisted by prac ce professor Joost Schrijnen. Professor Wil Zonneveld holds a sciences Public management sciences joint post with the OTB Research Ins tute with & governance whom there is much collabora on. The studio deals with the complexity of contemporary ci es. The urban planners and designers who join the studio try to understand the urban processes and the network of ci es within Sociology Interdisciplinary Traffic & transport the global society, its economy and its high quality field of this engineering services. Despite the fact that the global network research is increasingly determining the global city, each urban region characterized by its own climate, cultural background and ethnical background Social geography e.g. Urban planners and designers study on these Spatial & urban rela ons of the contemporary global ci es with an environmental, economic, social and poli cal planning diversity, connected to both global and local networks. Within this network they try to propose Spatial form design interven ons which may increase the capacity of the urban regions and local places. Design Fig. 3 Interdisciplinary field of this research Organization 15
  • 10. 1 Title Introduction About The first section contains the thesis plan. This is the proposal for graduation wich also pays attention to he outlines for the research: the arguments and motivation for this study, a problem definition and the aims for research. The section also introduces the research approach, the methodology and contains an introduction of the case tudy. Keywords Thesis plan - Rationale - Motivation - Problem statement - Methodology - Case study Paragraphs #1.1 Rationale for this study #1.2 Problem analysis & motivation #1.3 Problem statement #1.4 Aims & research questions #1.5 Research approach #1.6 Introduction of the case study area 16 Fig. 1.1 Photograph: station area Leiden 17