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7 things you should know about...
        Google Apps


                                                               1
Scenario                                                       What is it?
To support her master’s thesis in sociology, Sylvia de-        Google Apps is a collection of web-based programs and file stor-
veloped a project that brought together students from          age that run in a web browser, without requiring users to buy or
a high school in downtown Chicago with students from           install software. Users can simply log in to the service to access
Monroe High School in Monroe, Wisconsin. Despite be-           their files and the tools to manipulate them. The offerings include
ing just a two-hour drive away, the schools were worlds        communication tools (Gmail, Google Talk, and Google Calendar),
apart culturally, and the project’s goal was to investigate    productivity tools (Google Docs: text files, spreadsheets, and
attitudes that students in each school held about those        presentations), a customizable start page (iGoogle), and Google
at the other. The instrument for the project was a fiction-     Sites (to develop web pages). The tools are free, or users can pay
writing exercise in which a group of students at each          for a Premium Edition that adds more storage space and other
school would write a story set in the other school’s town.     features. Alternatively, an Education Edition includes most of the
As the stories developed, the students at each school          extras in the Premium Edition and is offered at no cost to K–12
would review and make edits to the story from the other        and higher education. Google Apps allows institutions to use their
school. Both schools suffered from outdated computers          own domain name with the service and to customize the interface
with a range of software (though all of it was PC-based)       to reflect the branding of that institution. In this way, a college or
and no prospect of district funding for hardware or soft-      university can offer the functionality of Google Apps in a package




                                                               2
ware improvements. Sylvia was a dyed-in-the-wool Mac           (and with a URL) that is familiar and comfortable to constituents.
user, which presented another compatibility concern.
They all had Internet connections, however, at least at
school, and most of the students selected to participate
                                                               Who’s doing it?
                                                               Since its launch, Gmail has been a popular choice among stu-
also had Gmail accounts.
                                                               dents—higher education as well as K–12—and many of these
Sylvia set up blank documents on Google Docs and               same students are users of Google Apps. For them, being able to
granted access to the participating students. She left         access their documents from any Internet-connected computer,
the story ideas and development entirely up to the             without having to worry about software versions or compatibility,
students. Once a week, the two groups would “trade”            fits well with their always-connected, just-in-time lifestyles. Many
papers, seeing how the story—ostensibly about them—            faculty, however, have been hesitant to store their files on some-
was progressing and making comments in the file itself          one else’s servers, given perceived concerns over security and
about how their town and its culture differed from the         the stewardship of their data. Some institutions have adopted
story’s portrayal. Sylvia also reviewed the files and made      Gmail for student and alumni accounts while maintaining in-
her own suggestions. Because all of the writing and re-        house mail services for faculty and staff. Still, a number of col-
viewing happened through web browsers, there were              leges and universities have migrated to Google Apps, often only
no problems with file compatibility, and Google Docs            for e-mail but increasingly for the entire suite of communication
kept a record of the many versions of each story. Initially,   and productivity tools.




                                                               3
Sylvia thought she and the students would keep in touch
using Gmail, but the students soon began using Google          How does it work?
Talk among themselves, so Sylvia did too. Those stu-           All of the applications in Google Apps work through a web browser.
dents who had Internet access at home could access             Users must have a Google account and, once logged in, can ac-
the files and the software to work on them, which was           cess familiar—if scaled-down—functionality for word-processing,
vital because many of the students could not afford to         calendaring, chat, and other tools. Google Docs, for example,
buy traditional software. Sylvia spent spring break vis-       allows basic formatting of text documents but without higher-level
iting her family in Arizona and, without having to take        functions (such as style sheets and templates) found in traditional
her computer, could access and comment on the sto-             software. Spreadsheets support formulas and simple functions
ries from there. The ability to share documents—and            but not macros or the creation of figures and tables. Each file has
to communicate—with others, regardless of platform             a creator/owner, who determines who is allowed to access the file,
or software, allowed Sylvia’s project to succeed. Stu-
dents in both groups saw how stereotypes influenced                                                                       more
their ideas about urban and rural culture, and they came
away with an appreciation for their differences—and
their similarities.

                           © EDUCAUSE 2008
           This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
                                                                                                   www.educause.edu/eli
          Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
         http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Google Apps
                                                                                                         Find more titles in this series
                                                                                                                   on the ELI website
                                                                                                              www.educause.edu/eli




either as a viewer (with read-only rights) or a collaborator (who can   tional servers is a deal-breaker for some colleges and universities.
change the file). Because Google stores all of the files and content      From an administrative standpoint, Google doesn’t offer as much
centrally, collaboration and document management become far             granularity in managing user accounts as many institutions want
simpler than when distributing files to multiple people and keeping      and need. For users, the menus and tools are not consistent from
track of different versions. For a text document, for example, the      one application to another, and applications running over the web
application maintains the file, allowing authorized users to see or      do not work as smoothly and predictably as those running locally.
edit the text while keeping track of all the changes and who makes      Users who find themselves without an Internet connection cannot
them. This version history is available and allows comparing any        access the applications or their files.
two versions of the document. Similarly, the content in a user’s




                                                                        6
calendar can easily be shared with other users, and Google Sites
provides a simple tool for groups to collaborate on developing web
                                                                        Where is it going?
                                                                        Google owns several companies including YouTube and Grand-
pages or whole websites. When a file is complete, it can be “pub-
                                                                        Central, and Google Apps may see increased integration across
lished,” which gives it a unique URL, or it can be exported. In the
                                                                        the family of Google companies. GrandCentral, for instance, gives
case of a text document, export options include PDF, Word, RTF,
                                                                        users a single phone number that, when called, will ring on any of
OpenOffice, and others. A spreadsheet can be exported as a PDF,
                                                                        the user’s phones. All of that person’s contacts can use the same
a text file, or an .xls file, among others. Much of the Google Apps
                                                                        number, even if that person graduates or transfers to another insti-
functionality is available on mobile devices.
                                                                        tution, changes jobs, or otherwise changes numbers. Google may
                                                                        incorporate these and other tools into Google Apps, and we may
Why is it significant?                                                   see more integration with applications outside the Google family.




4
Particularly for higher education, the notion of providing software     Because each new added feature affects the speed of the service,
to constituents as services rather than as products offers several      however, Google will need to balance complexity with performance.
key benefits. Such an approach transfers responsibility for soft-        In addition, Google is said to be working on offline functionality,
ware updates and maintenance away from the institutional IT             which would allow users to access the software and their files even
department, freeing IT staff from a considerable amount of soft-        when not connected to the Internet.
ware support. The resources saved can be directed at making
the IT department more innovative and agile, attributes that are
increasingly important in responding to rising student expecta-
                                                                        What are the implications for




                                                                        7
tions of technology on campus. Sharing content is as simple as          teaching and learning?
granting someone access, which facilitates collaboration without        While the financial incentives to use Google Apps might compel
having to transfer files or worry about software compatibility. The      a university to try it, the benefits for building a more collaborative
limited functionality available through Google Apps is sufficient for    teaching and learning environment could be the reason to stay.
the needs of most users, who have access to their files and related      These benefits potentially include peer review of academic work
software any place they have a computer and an Internet con-            and the ability to observe and participate in the creation of schol-
nection. In addition, Google Apps can work with existing single         arly material. Today’s students are generally comfortable sharing
sign-on programs, and hardware (and hardware failures) becomes          content and collectively generating knowledge. The Google Apps
less of a concern.                                                      model of application delivery and file storage provides a set of tools
                                                                        and an infrastructure to make this happen. By leveraging student
Although Google is not the only provider of web-based applica-          interest in and use of such tools, institutions might be able to en-
tions, it is in a strong position to make this concept acceptable to    courage more experimentation with collaborative learning. Google
a broader audience, in part because of the cost savings it offers       Apps also facilitates sharing of information such as syllabi, and it
and in part because of Google’s reputation as a “good citizen.”         offers an easy way to publish student work. Google Apps allows
Google is seen as responsive to the concerns of its users and as a      students and instructors to forget about the tools and focus on
company that is not likely to disappear overnight.




5
                                                                        creative ways to use technology in their disciplines.

What are the downsides?
The greatest concern about Google Apps and similar services
is the loss of control. Because access rights are shared across
the service, users rely—to some extent—on how carefully others
protect their login credentials. Even though providing e-mail and
other applications is complex and expensive, many in academia
see this as a core responsibility of the IT department. Given con-
cerns about long-term availability, security, and privacy, storing
files, e-mail, calendar entries, and other content on non-institu-


                                                                                                            www.educause.edu/eli
                                                                                                                                March 2008

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7 Things You Should Know Google

  • 1. 7 things you should know about... Google Apps 1 Scenario What is it? To support her master’s thesis in sociology, Sylvia de- Google Apps is a collection of web-based programs and file stor- veloped a project that brought together students from age that run in a web browser, without requiring users to buy or a high school in downtown Chicago with students from install software. Users can simply log in to the service to access Monroe High School in Monroe, Wisconsin. Despite be- their files and the tools to manipulate them. The offerings include ing just a two-hour drive away, the schools were worlds communication tools (Gmail, Google Talk, and Google Calendar), apart culturally, and the project’s goal was to investigate productivity tools (Google Docs: text files, spreadsheets, and attitudes that students in each school held about those presentations), a customizable start page (iGoogle), and Google at the other. The instrument for the project was a fiction- Sites (to develop web pages). The tools are free, or users can pay writing exercise in which a group of students at each for a Premium Edition that adds more storage space and other school would write a story set in the other school’s town. features. Alternatively, an Education Edition includes most of the As the stories developed, the students at each school extras in the Premium Edition and is offered at no cost to K–12 would review and make edits to the story from the other and higher education. Google Apps allows institutions to use their school. Both schools suffered from outdated computers own domain name with the service and to customize the interface with a range of software (though all of it was PC-based) to reflect the branding of that institution. In this way, a college or and no prospect of district funding for hardware or soft- university can offer the functionality of Google Apps in a package 2 ware improvements. Sylvia was a dyed-in-the-wool Mac (and with a URL) that is familiar and comfortable to constituents. user, which presented another compatibility concern. They all had Internet connections, however, at least at school, and most of the students selected to participate Who’s doing it? Since its launch, Gmail has been a popular choice among stu- also had Gmail accounts. dents—higher education as well as K–12—and many of these Sylvia set up blank documents on Google Docs and same students are users of Google Apps. For them, being able to granted access to the participating students. She left access their documents from any Internet-connected computer, the story ideas and development entirely up to the without having to worry about software versions or compatibility, students. Once a week, the two groups would “trade” fits well with their always-connected, just-in-time lifestyles. Many papers, seeing how the story—ostensibly about them— faculty, however, have been hesitant to store their files on some- was progressing and making comments in the file itself one else’s servers, given perceived concerns over security and about how their town and its culture differed from the the stewardship of their data. Some institutions have adopted story’s portrayal. Sylvia also reviewed the files and made Gmail for student and alumni accounts while maintaining in- her own suggestions. Because all of the writing and re- house mail services for faculty and staff. Still, a number of col- viewing happened through web browsers, there were leges and universities have migrated to Google Apps, often only no problems with file compatibility, and Google Docs for e-mail but increasingly for the entire suite of communication kept a record of the many versions of each story. Initially, and productivity tools. 3 Sylvia thought she and the students would keep in touch using Gmail, but the students soon began using Google How does it work? Talk among themselves, so Sylvia did too. Those stu- All of the applications in Google Apps work through a web browser. dents who had Internet access at home could access Users must have a Google account and, once logged in, can ac- the files and the software to work on them, which was cess familiar—if scaled-down—functionality for word-processing, vital because many of the students could not afford to calendaring, chat, and other tools. Google Docs, for example, buy traditional software. Sylvia spent spring break vis- allows basic formatting of text documents but without higher-level iting her family in Arizona and, without having to take functions (such as style sheets and templates) found in traditional her computer, could access and comment on the sto- software. Spreadsheets support formulas and simple functions ries from there. The ability to share documents—and but not macros or the creation of figures and tables. Each file has to communicate—with others, regardless of platform a creator/owner, who determines who is allowed to access the file, or software, allowed Sylvia’s project to succeed. Stu- dents in both groups saw how stereotypes influenced more their ideas about urban and rural culture, and they came away with an appreciation for their differences—and their similarities. © EDUCAUSE 2008 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons www.educause.edu/eli Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
  • 2. Google Apps Find more titles in this series on the ELI website www.educause.edu/eli either as a viewer (with read-only rights) or a collaborator (who can tional servers is a deal-breaker for some colleges and universities. change the file). Because Google stores all of the files and content From an administrative standpoint, Google doesn’t offer as much centrally, collaboration and document management become far granularity in managing user accounts as many institutions want simpler than when distributing files to multiple people and keeping and need. For users, the menus and tools are not consistent from track of different versions. For a text document, for example, the one application to another, and applications running over the web application maintains the file, allowing authorized users to see or do not work as smoothly and predictably as those running locally. edit the text while keeping track of all the changes and who makes Users who find themselves without an Internet connection cannot them. This version history is available and allows comparing any access the applications or their files. two versions of the document. Similarly, the content in a user’s 6 calendar can easily be shared with other users, and Google Sites provides a simple tool for groups to collaborate on developing web Where is it going? Google owns several companies including YouTube and Grand- pages or whole websites. When a file is complete, it can be “pub- Central, and Google Apps may see increased integration across lished,” which gives it a unique URL, or it can be exported. In the the family of Google companies. GrandCentral, for instance, gives case of a text document, export options include PDF, Word, RTF, users a single phone number that, when called, will ring on any of OpenOffice, and others. A spreadsheet can be exported as a PDF, the user’s phones. All of that person’s contacts can use the same a text file, or an .xls file, among others. Much of the Google Apps number, even if that person graduates or transfers to another insti- functionality is available on mobile devices. tution, changes jobs, or otherwise changes numbers. Google may incorporate these and other tools into Google Apps, and we may Why is it significant? see more integration with applications outside the Google family. 4 Particularly for higher education, the notion of providing software Because each new added feature affects the speed of the service, to constituents as services rather than as products offers several however, Google will need to balance complexity with performance. key benefits. Such an approach transfers responsibility for soft- In addition, Google is said to be working on offline functionality, ware updates and maintenance away from the institutional IT which would allow users to access the software and their files even department, freeing IT staff from a considerable amount of soft- when not connected to the Internet. ware support. The resources saved can be directed at making the IT department more innovative and agile, attributes that are increasingly important in responding to rising student expecta- What are the implications for 7 tions of technology on campus. Sharing content is as simple as teaching and learning? granting someone access, which facilitates collaboration without While the financial incentives to use Google Apps might compel having to transfer files or worry about software compatibility. The a university to try it, the benefits for building a more collaborative limited functionality available through Google Apps is sufficient for teaching and learning environment could be the reason to stay. the needs of most users, who have access to their files and related These benefits potentially include peer review of academic work software any place they have a computer and an Internet con- and the ability to observe and participate in the creation of schol- nection. In addition, Google Apps can work with existing single arly material. Today’s students are generally comfortable sharing sign-on programs, and hardware (and hardware failures) becomes content and collectively generating knowledge. The Google Apps less of a concern. model of application delivery and file storage provides a set of tools and an infrastructure to make this happen. By leveraging student Although Google is not the only provider of web-based applica- interest in and use of such tools, institutions might be able to en- tions, it is in a strong position to make this concept acceptable to courage more experimentation with collaborative learning. Google a broader audience, in part because of the cost savings it offers Apps also facilitates sharing of information such as syllabi, and it and in part because of Google’s reputation as a “good citizen.” offers an easy way to publish student work. Google Apps allows Google is seen as responsive to the concerns of its users and as a students and instructors to forget about the tools and focus on company that is not likely to disappear overnight. 5 creative ways to use technology in their disciplines. What are the downsides? The greatest concern about Google Apps and similar services is the loss of control. Because access rights are shared across the service, users rely—to some extent—on how carefully others protect their login credentials. Even though providing e-mail and other applications is complex and expensive, many in academia see this as a core responsibility of the IT department. Given con- cerns about long-term availability, security, and privacy, storing files, e-mail, calendar entries, and other content on non-institu- www.educause.edu/eli March 2008