1. The Long 19th Century An Age of Industry, “Isms,” and Revolution

2. Bell Ringer What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812? Discuss with partner - 30 seconds

3. The Congress of Vienna Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte

4. Congress of Vienna WHAT: The Congress of Vienna WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815 WHO: representatives of major European powers WHERE: Vienna, Austria WHY: reorganize Europe post-Napoleon

6. Russia – Tsar Alexander

7. Austria – Klemens von Metternich

8. Great Britain – Lord Castleraugh

10. Von Metternich’s Plan 3 Main Goals: Legitimacy Napoleon had overthrown all kings & replaced with his family members Original monarchies restored Louis XVIII of France

11. Von Metternich’s Plan 2. Contain France Napoleon was power hungry & had instilled strong sense of nationalism in France Many surrounding countries felt threatened VM, gave back power to countries surrounding France (containment)

12. Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe

13. Von Metternich’s Plan 3. Balance of Power Weaken France, but not too much No one country too powerful This ensured no one country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)

14. Alliance System Nations would help each other if revolutions broke out

15. More Challenges 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded constitutional gov’ts Von Metternich urged conservatives to crush them Slowed things down, but did not stop them By mid 1800s, the socialists of the Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel

16. The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

18. Émigrés returned (not happy)

19. Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime(ultraroyalists)

21. Charles X Louis XVIII – died in 1824 Successor – Charles X (brother) Charles X wanted absolutism Rejected proposed charter (constitution)

22. The July Revolution - 1830 July 1830 – Charles X: Suspended legislature Limited right to vote Restricted press Naturally, what happened?

24. Citizens put up barricades

25. Attacked king’s soldiers

26. Within days, rebels controlled Paris

28. Louis Philippe Chosen as king Cousin of Charles X Young, more liberal-minded Supported the 1789 revolution

29. The Citizen King Nickname for Louis Philippe Owed the throne to the French citizens Was “one of them” Got along well Dressed down (frock coat & top hat) Walked the streets Extended suffrage, but…

30. Problems Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens Most people – no suffrage

31. Discontent Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption Demand for universal suffrage

32. Economic Slump By 1848: Many factories shut down Poor harvests Unemployment Bread prices soared Sound familiar??

33. February Days (1848) Gov’t tried to stop public meetings Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise & built blockades out of: Iron rails Overturned carts Paving stones Toppled trees

34. February Days (cont.) Clashed with troops 52 rebels killed

35. Results of February Days Louis Philippe abdicated Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed the Second Republic of France Currently (since 1958) France is on its Fifth…

36. A Republic Divided Deep differences Bourgeois liberals – constitution/political reform Socialists – social & economic reform Set up national workshops – provided work for unemployed

37. June Days Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t Got rid of workshops Ticked off the Socialists & workers Workers – “Bread or Lead!”

38. More Violence Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class

39. Constitution By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution Strong president Unicameral legislature Universal manhood suffrage

40. Election Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000) Elected Louis Napoleon Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte Appealed to liberals – sympathy for working class Appealed to conservatives – name = restore order

41. Buh-Bye Republic Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852) Proclaimed self Napoleon III Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)

43. The Age of Industry and Isms The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology

44. Bell Ringer What was the Congress of Vienna, and what was its purpose? Discuss with partner 1 minute

45. Introduction The Industrial Revolution impacted: Technology Economics Society Politics

46. Industrial Revolution Change from using hand methods to machine methods to produce goods Result of the: Agricultural revolution Population explosion Began in Great Britain - Why? Natural resources Human resources Capital & demand Political & social conditions technology

47. Technology

48. Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith Free market $ more goods at lower price $ no government involved Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age

49. Thomas Malthus Englishman “Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798) Poverty & misery  population growing faster than food supply Shaped economic thinking

50. Urbanization

51. Working Class Life

52. Industrial Town Life

53. Authors Amandine Auror Dupon (George Sand) Charles Dickens Émile Zola

54. Middle Class

55. Domestic Service

56. Mining

57. Factory Conditions

58. Factory Dangers

59. Protests & Unions

60. Child Labor

67. Workhouses

72. 19th Century = new ways of

73. Thinking

74. Believing

76. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve) Advocated: The greatest happiness for the greatest number

77. Liberalism John Stuart Mill “Individual Liberty and Social Control” (1859) Advocated: a way for people and government to coexist without Harming majority Stifling individuality

78. Liberalism (cont.) Opposed: Use of force to compel citizens to believe something Inequality People not helping society/others Government & church interference

79. Emergence of Socialism Opposed laissez-faire (capitalism) Said it created poverty, inequality & injustice Way to combat the evils of capitalism – socialism

80. Socialism Advocated a society in which the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, owned and operated means of production that produced & distributed goods Farms Factories Railways Big business

82. Built self-sufficient communities

83. All shared workload

84. Common property

85. If gap between rich & poor disappeared, fighting would cease

87. Owen’s Utopia Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character New Lanark, Scotland factory – model Built homes Opened a school Treated employees well Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers

88. Karl Marx German philosopher Father of Communism Worked for reform with Friedrich Engels 1848 – “The Communist Manifesto”

89. Friedrich Engles Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the employer & employees as inevitable

90. How it Works… Economics = driving force behind history History is a series of class struggles:

91. End of History Marx theorized that history would end with communism Why?

92. End of History Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared

93. Weakness & Impact Claimed to be based on “scientific law” Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong) Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact Influenced many governments & is active today

94. SPW: Interpreting Marx “ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!” Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto

95. Homework: STUDY!! QUIZ next class period! Industrial Revolution Define/describe Origins Problems (social, economic & political) “Isms” – Ideologies & People Utilitarianism Liberalism Socialism Communism (Know how this works!!)