Lesson 70 - D-Day Invasion

1. D-Day
June 6th, 1944
Created by Joe Burton www.burtonshistory.com
From U.S. History Power Points

2. Essential Question
How did the Allies use of spies and
deception lead to the overall success of the
D-Day Invasion?

3. Spies

4. ‘Garbo’

5. A.K.A
Juan Pujol Garcia

6. Code Named after famous actress Greta
Garbo…

7. Garcia’s Background
Born in Catalan, Spain - 1912
Fought under Francisco Franco for Fascism in
the Spanish Civil War… 1936-1939
Developed a hatred of Fascism… especially
towards Nazi Fascism or Nazi Germany.

8. Garcia’s Background
Germany’s remaining adversary was Great
Britain…
Garcia’s (Garbo) wife requests that British
Officials employ him as a spy…
The British Officials reject him… he needs a
plan…

9. His Plan
1. Establish himself as a German Spy
 Operating in Lisbon, Portugal he tells German Officials' that
he is British…
 He fabricates reports about English shipping movements…
 German Officials buy his story 100%...

10. Garcia’s Background
He returns to British Intelligence agencies to
offer his services…
He is accepted by the British as a ‘Double
Agent…’
Joins the MI5 Military Intelligence Agency…
1942

11. Garbos’ Role
 Sent a constant stream of misinformation over the
radio…
 Sent reports and images of troop move-ments in the
southeast of England… opposite Pas-De-Calais…
 Military infrastructure was reported daily in order to try
and convince the Germans that the Allied Army was
weak and their attack on the European mainland would
be later in the year…
 Despite the German defeat at Normandy … Hitler still
trusted ‘Garbo’ as his own spy and awarded him the
‘German Iron Cross…’

12. Other D-Day Spies
Roman Czerniawski – Poland
A.K.A. Jerzey Tuszewski
A.K.A. Armand Hubert Brutus
A.K.A. ‘Brutus
John ‘Hedge’ Moe – U.K.
A.K.A. Mutt (Mutt & Jeff)
Tore Glad – U.K.
A.K.A. Jeff (Mutt & Jeff)

13. Roman Czerniawski
(Brutus)
 He began his career as a Polish Air Force Officer…
 He created an Allied espionage network code named interaille…
 He was allegedly (giving the appearance of) sold out by a member of
his own group and sent on a mission to England as a German spy…
 He became a double agent code named “Brutus” under the double
cross system…
 He was an intricate part of the ‘Double Cross System’ which was an
anti-espionage and deception program run by the British MI5 military
intelligence department…

14. Roman Czerniawski
(Brutus)
 Czerniawski was involved in that program… he became known as a
captured Nazi spy who had provided faulty information to the Nazis
in order to deceive them of the true plans of the allies…
 The work of double agents such as Czerniawski was vital in
deceiving the Germans with regards to the inevitable European
invasion… D-Day

15. Hedge Moe & Tore Glad
(Mutt & Jeff)
o
Norwegian…
o
Members of the MI5 Double Cross System…
o
After being picked up on the beach… they
turned themselves in to the German Police…
o
From there they reported German military
traffic, deployments, and Civilian morale…
o
British Spy Officers were also able to relay false
information to Mutt and Jeff. They hoped that the
Germans would hear this information and believe it…
THEY DID…

16. Deception
“In War time… truth is so precious that she should always be
guarded by a body-guard of lies.”
- Winston Churchill

17. The Tehran Conference
 “Big Three” leaders consisting of Stalin, Roosevelt, and
Churchill discussed the Allies opening up a second
front…
 The leaders agree to deceive the Germans about the true
nature of the European invasion…

18. Five Fold Deception
 Allied leaders planned a series of pseudo invasions to throw the
Germans off guard… the Germans would learn of these faulty plans but
lacked the military intelligence to decipher which ones were simply
decoys…
 VENDETTA and FERDINAND were code names for false invasions of
the West Mediterranean…
 IRONSIDE… another false invasion that led the Germans to believe
that they would be attacked at the French Bay of Biscay…
 ZEPPELIN was a false invasion of the Balkans in Eastern Europe…
this false invasion was so decep-tive that many historians believe that
Churchill truly wanted the Allies to invade there…
 FORTITUDE NORTH was a pseudo invasion of German territory via
Norway…

19. Operation Fortitude (South)
Goal…
 Convince the Germans that an invasion would take place at Pas de
Calais…
 Pas de Calais was the logical point of attack because it was the
closest area…
 from England…

20. Operation Fortitude (South)
‘Quicksilver’
Goal…
 Convince the Germans that the Allies had two Army groups…
…The 21st Army Group under the command of
British General “Monty” Montgomery…
…1st Army Group (FUSAG) under the command
of American General George S. Patton…

21. 21st Army Group
Chain of Command
- Supreme Commander American General Dwight D. Eisenhower

22. Patton’s Ghost Army
 Allies needed to make the Pas de Calais invasion seem imminent and
realistic…
 Highly respected by the German Military Intelligence Group…
American General George S. Patton was put in charge of the
completely fake Army called FUSAG…
 The Army had fake armament, tanks, trucks, LST’s, Landing Devices,
and Artillery Pieces… so the fake Army would appear to be embarking
on an invasion of Hitler’s Fortress Europa…
German aerial view of FUSAG

23. Further Deception
 Captured German General Hans Kramer (Hitler’s Chief of
Staff) was to be repatri-ated in an exchange…
 While going through England, he saw the 21st Army
group… this was the actual invasion force being prepared
for the D-Day invasion…
 Allies misled him on his location so he thought he was
seeing them in Kent, England where the German forces
were located…

24. D-Day
Leadership
“Sure, we want to go home… we all want this war to be over. Trust
me… the quickest way to get it over with is to go get the ones who started
it.
The quicker they are whipped, the quicker we can go home. The
shortest way home is through Berlin. And when I get to Berlin, I’m going
to personally shoot that Nazi paper hanging Adolph Hitler. Just like I'd
shoot a snake.”
General George S. Patton - (addressing to his troops before Operation
Overlord) - 5th June 1944

25. D-Day
Allied Leaders
Eisenhower
Bradley
Montgomery
Spaatz
Patton
Lt. Dempsey

26. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower  Made Supreme Allied Commander – 1944…
 In complete control of the planning and execution of the Allied
invasion at Normandy…
 A month after Normandy, oversaw the successful invasion of
Southern France…
 The success of the invasion was far from a certainty in
Eisenhower’s mind…
 In advance, he wrote a short speech for the potentially catastrophic
failure…

27. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower “Our landings have failed and I have with-drawn the troops.
My decision to attack at this time an place was based on the best
information available.
The troops, the air, and the navy did all that bravery could do.
If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.”

28. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- General Omar Bradley  Commander of the imperative 1st Army…
 Commanded three corps directed at Utah and Omaha Beaches…
 Men under his command grew to 900,000 (largest ever under one
commander)…
 Eventually became the first Chairman of NATO after World War
II… (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)…

29. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- General Carl Spaatz  Commander of the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe
(USSTAF)…
 Worked with British Air Commander, Marshall Trafford LeighMallory…
 Together they strategically bombed German oil rigs and army
bases near the English Channel to help with the overall success of
Operation Overlord…

30. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- Lt. Miles Dempsey  Commander of the 2nd British Army (British, Canadian, and Polish
Forces)…
 Landed successfully at Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches…
 Captured the French city of Caen after success at Normandy…

31. D-Day
German Leaders
- Field Marshal Rommel  Commander of the 7th German Army…
 Informed Hitler about the severity of the invasion but was
ignored…
 Planned with other officers to possibly overthrow Hitler in hopes
of negotiating with the Allies…
 Rommel was accused of planning assassination of Hitler… was
forced to commit suicide…
 The Germans anticipated the attack in 1944…

32. D-Day
Allied Leaders
- Comments on The Invasion “To preserve… our civilization and to set free a
suffering humanity.” - FDR
“The whole of the South Coast of England is a bastion
of defense against the invasion of Hitler; you’ve got to
turn it into the springboard for out attack.”
- Churchill
“I have full confidence in your
courage, devotion to duty, and skill in
battle. We will accept nothing less than
full victory.”
- General D.D. Eisenhower

33. Preparation
 Nine (9) Battleships…
 Twenty-three (23) Cruisers…
 One Hundred and Four (104) Destroyers…
 71 U-boats…
 150,000 Troops set to cross the English Channel in the invasion of
Hitler’s Fortress Europa…

34. D-Day Planning Map
& General Overview

35. Preparation

36. German Defense System

37. Invasion of Utah Beach

38. Deception Works Again
 German counter-attack to initial invasion were delayed because
of internal arguments among the German High Command…
 Fortitude South had been so successful in deceiving the
German’s that they remained convinced the main invasion point
of France was still to come from the Pas-de-Calais.
 “I remember seeing all of the dead bodies littering the beach.
Some were killed on the first landing. They were fodder for the
German guns. Others were washed in by the tide where their
boats had been caught.”
- Sgt. Bernard Morgan

39. Welcome to Hell

40. Fatalities
 4,500 Allied and American Troops Dead…

41. National D-Day
Memorial Foundation

42. Turning The Tide
of The War
 The mass invasion of Normandy was the decisive Allied Victory
that turned the tide of World War II…
 Success of the invasion of Normandy was essential in order for
the Allies to liberate France from Nazi control…
 Allies moved permanently on the offensive as the armies
marched through Europe to liberate the other conquered
nations…

43. Hitler’s “Fortress Europa”

44. VE Day… May 8, 1945

45. What if Normandy had Failed?
 Had the invasion failed, the repercussion would have been both shocking
and devastating…
 The war in Europe would have lasted at least one more year…
 The Atomic Bomb, created in the summer of 1945, would have been used
on Germany first instead of Japan…
 A destroyed Germany would have allowed the Russian Army to roll right
through Europe, leaving Communism in their wake…

46.  A failure at Normandy could have even led to the Germans
prevailing in the War…
 A surrender could have been agreed upon with most of Europe
remaining under Fascist control…