1. PRELIMINARY NOTIONS
Linguistics is a science that implies a serious and deep study of a language.
Lots of concepts on linguistics have been given through time by linguists
according to their points of view, backgrounds, realities, scenarios,and
linguistic environments where they live in and are from.
Linguistic is the scientific study of language in general.

2. LINGUISTICS BACKGROUND
The word linguistics was
initially used in the middle Philology is a brach of
of the 19th century to linguistics that studies
emphasize the differences language change and
between a newer approach language relationship.
to the study of language.
SOCIO-ETHNIC
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
LINGUISTICS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC
LINGUISTICS
COMPUTATIONAL
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
LINGUISTICS (AL)

3. CONTRASTIVE OR COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
Once the concepts above have been discussed, it is possible
to refer to the study, contrast or comparison of two or more
language structures, whose subject matter is more specific.
COMPARATIVE CONTRASTIVE
LINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS
Languages may be related by
convergence through borrowing
or by genetic descent. Genetic
relatedness implies a common It compares languages usually
origin or proto- language, and with the aim of assisting
comparative linguistics aims to language learning by identifying
construct proto- language and important differences between
especify the changes that have the learner’s native and target
resulted in the documented language
languages.

4. Contrastive analysis, CA of sounds
CONTRASTIVE systems involve phonological or
LINGUISTICS SYLLABUS phonetic contrast, relevant to
identifying types foreing accent.
CONTRASTIVE Another perspective is thet
PRAGMATICS pragmatics deals with the ways we
reach or goal in comunication
The contrastive method in prinnciple
FUNDAMENTALS METHODOLOGY OF every difference or similarity between
FOR TEACHING CONTRASTIVE
CL. two or more related languages should
LINGUISTICS be explicable in terms of isolaion or
context analysis.
Although Lado (1957) included a comparison of
cultures, early contrastive studies focused on
NEW TRENDS what has been described as microlinguistis
contrastive analysis (James 1980): phonology,
grammar, lexis.
It supplies references to description of linguistic
THE ROLE OF CORPORA phenomena in the students’ mother tongue
It reorganizad uses the IPA conventional register
It develops listening decoding and transcription
notation

5. Language is a system arbitrary
LANGUAGE
vocal symbols used for human
communication
MOST SPOKEN
BREAKDOWN OF
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGES BY WORLD
POPULATION OF THE
AREA
WORLD
According the stadistics we can
It was mentioned earlier that classify the languages most important
ethnologue lists 6,912 living in de world are:
languages, the table above reveals a 1 Mandarin
striking difference between the 2 Hind
median and the mean sizes of 3 English
languages in different parts of the 4 Arabe
world. 5 Spanish

6. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE
VERBAL LANGUAGES NO VERBAL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE Is a group of languages related by descent Written or It is a system of permanent written
FAMILY from a common ancestor symbolic language symbols
Particular way of using a language Idiographic It is a writing system which uses
DIALECT
regional and social writing language ideograms(symbols)
INDIVIDUAL Is a langue as a whole from the same Syllabic writing it is based on syllables which are
LANGUAGE family language represented by separed symbols.
This is individual , voice quality Alphabetical It is based on sounds- pronuntiation- and
IDIOLECT writing language deals with alphabetical symbols.
speech tone
Used by people who work inaparticular area or
Articulated
JERGA who heve a particular interest Eg. Lawer
language
Deals with phonetic Spelling
criminals
English might be considered the third- or
COLLOQUIALISM Is informal expressions English language fourth- largest native language in the world.
It is a informal use of the language is Spanish Spanish belongs to the romance branch of
SLANG
rud is non standar language. language the indo-european language family.

7. LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
IS THE INCOMPATIBILITY, IT IS DE QUALITY OR STATE OF BEING
INCONSISTENT, OF CONCIRDANCE WITH A STRUCTURAL
PATTERN.
THE SAME LETTER OR LETTER COMBINATION CAN REFER TO DIFFERENT SOUNDS
THE SAME SOUNDS CAN HAVE WITH DIFFERENTS LETTERS OR LETTER COMBINATIONS
DIFFERENT DALECTS PRONUNCE THE SAME WORD DIFFERENTLY

8. CLUSTER
Vowel cluster Consonant cluster
Analyzes the observed
pronunciation in relation to INITIAL CLUSTERS MEDIAL CLUSTERS FINAL CLUSTERS
common english words
containing he same vowel
INTRASYLLABIC MEDIAL
clusters
Initial two- consonant clusters CLUSTER SPANISH has no clusters
may occur in both english and in final position, english
INTERSYLLABIC MEDIAL
spanish while three CLUSTER words containing from
consonant clusters just place two up to four final
in english consonant cluster
When it belongs to the
second of the two
SYLLABLE DIVISION OCCURS syllable peaks between
BETWEEN THE MEMBERS
which they apper as
medial.

9. Is the study of
PHONOLOGY the system of
phonemes of a
language.
PHONEMICS PHONETICS
anallophone diacritic allophones
Is the smallest basic
and theoretical unit of
language. It is a mark
Allophones are
placed
Is a real apeech not contrastive
over, under or
variant of a since they do not
through a letter
specific phoneme create differences
THEPHONEME (or phonetic
in meaning.
symbol)

10. It is a system of characters
arranged in a fixed conventional
order to symbolize sounds or
letters used in a writing system
to represent speech. Its name
comes from alpha+beta, the first
ALPHABET two letters of the Greek
alphabet.
The Latin Alphabet, also called the Roman
LATIN ALPHABET alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic
writing system in the world today.
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) ENCAPSULATED THE Latin alphabet in their
(ISO/IEC 646) standard.
LATIN ALPHABET AND
INTENATIONAL STANDARS
INTERNATIONAL There are many transcription conventions as
PHONETIC ALPHABET dictionaries and reader´s necessities. This
implies having almost the same problems as
(IPA) ordinary orthography.

11. Is a system of notation that represents
TRANSCRIPTION utterances or partial utterances of a
language pronounced by people in general.
Some details might be ignored or included in
the transcription.
Also identified as Phonemic Transcription, it is the notation that represents
BROAD utterances of a language by indicating only the significant and underlying
TRANSCRIPTION sounds (phonemes) that make up a word. It ignores as many as possible
details and captures only the general aspects of pronunciation to show
differences in meaning among words. It is writing between slant lines ://.
It is notation that represents variants of a
NARROW specific phoneme. It captures as many as
TRANSCRIPTION possible details which are represented by the
diacritics provided in the IPA.
It is another important feature which is often
represented in phonetic and phonemic
STRESS
transcription. Every single word has a stressed
syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed syllable is
often longer, louder an higher in pitch.

12. ALPHABET
LATIN PHONETIC MODERN
LATIN RUSSIAN
ALPHABET ALPHABET
ALPHABET AND ALPHABET GREEK
INTENATIONAL (IPA) ALPHABET ALPHABET
STANDARS
The
It is a The Latin There are The
The Latin Modern
system of Alphabet, a many
Greek Russian
lso called Alphabet, transcription
characters alphabet alphabet is
also called conventions
arranged in the Roman as was the
the Roman
a fixed alphabet, i dictionaries created in alphabet of
alphabet, is
convention s the most and reader´s the year the Russian
the most necessities.
al order to 1550AD. language.
widely widely This implies
symbolize This From the
sounds or
used used having
alphabet is year 1918
alphabetic alphabetic almost the
letters same of majority (officially
writing writing
used in a problems as use in parts from 1942)
system in system in
writing ordinary of Greece it consists
the world
system to the world orthography. and of 33
today.
represent today. Australia. letters.
speech.

13. SYMBOLS USED FOR
TRANSCRIPTION
ANGLE SLANT SQUARE VERTICAL DIVISION STRESS
BRACKETS
DIACRITICS
BRACKETS BRACKETS LINE MARKER MAR K
They are The are
used to used It shows the It shows
Phonemic It shows a It shows
enclose the around variation in the
transcripti pause in the the vowel or
spelling of details following
on uses phonetic boundarie consonant
the phonetic quality. Nasal syllable
orthograph them: transcripti s between
transcripti or dark stressed:
ic notation: /’teyp/. on. syllables. quality.
on: ‘car.
<pretty>.
[tɦeIp]