Theenlightenment 100608081048-phpapp02 (Mr. Macale)

Th e Ag e
of
Re a s o n &
E n l ig h t e n
B y : M s . S u s a n M . P o je r
H o r a c e G r e e le y H S
C ha ppa qua , NY

A n O v e r v ie w o f t h e
18 c
► P o l i t i c a l H i s t o r y  >>>
R e fo rm
► In t e lle c t u a l H is t o r y 
N e w t o n ia n P h y s ic s
 Reas on
► C u lt u r a l H is t o r y 
In d iv id u a lis m
► S o c ia l H is t o r y  In c r e a s e d
L it e r a c y

18 c
P o lit ic s
► B R I T A I N – C o n s t it u t io n a l
Mona rc hy

► F R A N C E  R o y a l A b s o lu t is m
( c u lt u r a l a n d
r e lig io u s u n it y )

► P R U S S IA , H A B S B U R G
E M P IR E ,
R U S S IA  “ E n lig h t e n e d
D e s p o t is m ”

T h e O r ig in s o f
E n lig h t e n m e n t ?
► S C IE N T IF IC :
B N e w to n ’ s s ys te m w a s
s yn o n ym o u s
w it h t h e e m p ir ic a l a n d
a S c ie n t if ic la w s c o u ld b e
t h e p r a c t ic a l.
e xpre s s e d a s
u n iv e r s a l m a t h e m a t ic a l
a S c ie n c e a llo w e d
f o r m u la s .
a lt e r n a t iv e s t o b e
im a g in e d in e v e r y t h in g
f r o m p o lit ic s

W illia m B la k e ’ s
Ne wt o n , 17 9 5

Th e R o ya l A c a d e m y o f
S c ie n c e s , P a r is

Z o o lo g y & B io lo g y

A d is s e c t io n a t t h e R o y a l
A c a d e m y, L o n d o n .

C h e m is t r y L a b s &
B o ta ny G a rd e ns

N a t u r a l H is t o r y
C o lle c t io n s

► C o c o a p la n t
d r a w in g .

► S ir H a n s
S lo a n e
( 16 6 0 -17 5 3 ) .

► C o lle c t e d f r o m
J a m a ic a .

N a t u r a l H is t o r y
C o lle c t io n s

J a m e s P e t iv e r ’ s B e e t le s
( L o n d o n a p o th e c a r y)

P r iv a t e C o lle c t io n s

T h e O r ig in s o f M o d e r n
Mus e ums .

W o m e n & S c ie n c e

The
G e rma n
a s tro no m
er
H e v e liu s
& h is w if e
e x a m in e
the

► R E L I Gi g h tS : n m e n t ?
E n l IO U e
B p h y s ic o -t h e o lo g y – 
a n a tte mp t
( in s p ir e d b y s c ie n c e )
t o e x p la in G o d ’ s
P r o v id e n c e b y
r e fp p o r tc o f ta h i s
h s u e re n e o
w r ar t i oi n anl a t u e ei g& o n o t
o k n ” r r l i n,
“
prrei m a r i l y t h r o u g h h i s
f e
b ib lic a l W o r d .

► E n lig h t e n m e n t ?
R EB D G I O m S :
L I e is U
V T h e b e lie f in t h e
e x is t e n c e o f a G o d o r
s u p r e m e b e in g b u t a
d e n ia l o f r e v e a le d
r e lig io n , b a s in g
t D e o s t s’ s a w l i e f o p ot i n t i n
i ne s be no n he
lig h t o f n a t u r e
a n y p a r t ic u la r
a nd re a s on.
r e lig io n ; t h e y r e c o g n iz e d

► E Ln Gi gOh tSe: n m e n t ?
RE I l I U
u P a n t h e is m
V T h e b e lie f t h a t G o d
a nd
na ture a re o ne a nd
B G r a d u a lly , h ig h ly
the s a me .
e d u c a te d
P ro te s ta nts &
C a t h o lic s t h o u g h t
more a bout G od’ s

C e nte rs o f the
E n lig h t e n m e n t

T h e C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f t h e
► R a t io n a lis m  r e a s o n is
t h e a r b it e r o f a ll
t h in g s .
► C o s m o lo g y  a n e w
c o n c e p t o f m a n , h is
e x is t e n c e o n
e a rth, & the
p la c e o f t h e
e a r t h in t h e
u n iv e r s e .

1. S c i e n t i f i c M e t h o d
 M a t h e m a t ic a l a n a ly s is

 E x p e r im e n t a t io n

 In d u c t iv e r e a s o n in g .

 U t ilit a r ia n is m  t h e
g re a te s t g o o d fo r
the
g re a te s t nu mb e r.
 T o l e r a n c e  No o p in io n is

1. O p t i m i s m & S e l f -
C o n f id e n c e
 T h e b e lie f t h a t m a n is
in t r in s ic a lly g o o d .
 T h e b e lie f in s o c ia l
prog re s s .

2. F r e e d o m
 O f t h o u g h t a n d e x p r e s s io n .

 B r in g lib e r t y t o a ll m e n
( m o d e r n b a t t le a g a in s t

1. L e g a l R e f o r m s
 J u s t ic e , k in d n e s s , a n d
c h a r it y  n o t o r t u r e o r
in d is c r im in a n t
in c a r c e r a t io n .
 D u e p r o c e s s o f la w .

2. C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m
 W r it t e n c o n s t it u t io n s 
lis t in g c it iz e n s , r ig h t s .

T h e “ E n lig h t e n e d ”
I n d i v i d u a l  T h e P h il o s o p h e

► N o t r e a lly o r ig in a l t h in k e r s a s a
w h o le , b u t w e r e g r e a t p u b lic is t s o f
t h e n e w t h in k in g  C H A N G E &
PROGRES S !

Th e “ G r e a t D e b a te ”

Reas on T r a d it io n s
& L o g ic a nd
S u p e r s t it io n s

r a t io n a n o s t a lg ia
lis m fo r th e
e m p ir i pas t
c is m o r g a n iz e
t o le r a n d
c e r e lig io n s
s k e p ti ir r a t io n a li

M a r q u is d e C o n d o r c e t
( 17 4 3 - 17 9 4 )
►Pr og r e s s of
t h e Hu ma n M in d ,
17 9 4
 An
e x p e c t a t io n o f
u n iv e r s a l
h a p p in e s s .
 E ve ry
in d iv id u a l
g u id e d b y
r e a s o n c o u ld
e n jo y t r u e

J o h n L o c k e ( 16 3 2 - 17 0 4 )

►Let t er on
T o l e r a t io n ,
16 8 9
► T wo
T r e a t is e s o f
Go v e r n me n t ,
16 9 0
► S o me
Th o u g h t s
C o n c e r n in g

J ohn Loc ke ’ s
P h ilo s o p h y ( I)
► T h e in d iv id u a l m u s t
b e c o m e a “ r a t io n a l
c re a tu re .”
► V ir t u e c a n b e le a r n e d a n d
p r a c t ic e d .
► H u m a n b e in g s p o s s e s s
f r e e w ill.
 t h e y s h o u ld b e p r e p a r e d f o r
fr e e d o m .
 o b e d ie n c e s h o u ld b e o u t o f
c o n v ic t io n ,
no t o u t o f fe a r.

J ohn Loc ke ’ s
P h ilo s o p h y ( II)
► T h e r e a r e c e r t a in
n a t u r a l r ig h t s t h a t a r e
e n d o w e d b y G o d t o a ll
h u m a n b e in g s .
 l if e , l ib e r t y , p r o p e r t y !

► T h e d o c t r in e o f t h e
D iv in e R ig h t o f K in g s
w a s nons e ns e .

Im m a n u e l K a n t
( 17 2 4 - 18 0 4 )
► C r it iq u e o f
Pur e
R e a s o n , 17 8 1

► “ W h a t is
E n lig h t e n m e n
t ? ” , 17 8 4

► M e t a p h y s ic a l

F o u n d a t io n s

K a n t ’ s P h ilo s o p h y
► Da r e t o K n o w!
► H e in t r o d u c e d t h e c o n c e p t
o f t r a n s c e n d e n t a lis m 
s o m e t h in g s a r e k n o w n b y
me tho d s o the r tha n
e m p ir ic a lly .
 T h e b e lie f in t h e e x is t e n c e
o f a n o n -r a t io n a l w a y t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h in g s .
 T h e e x is t e n c e o f n e it h e r
t im e n o r s p a c e is
d e t e r m in e d b y e m p ir ic a l

T h o m a s P a i n e ( 17 3 7 - 18 0 9 )

► C o mmo n
Sens e,
17 7 6

► T h e R ig h t s
o f Ma n ,
17 9 1

T h e A m e r ic a n
“ P h il o s o p h e s ”

J ohn Tho m a s
Ada ms Ben J e ffe rs o
( 17 4 5 - 18 F r a n k lin n
26) ( 17 0 6 - 17 9 ( 17 4 3 - 18
…. . . …l i f e , lib e r t y ,
0) a n d t 2 6e)
h

V o l t a i r e ( 17 12 - 17 7 8 )
►AKA 
F r a n c o is M a r ie
A ro ue t.

► Es s ay on t he
C u s t o ms
a n d S p ir it o f
Na t io n s ,
17 5 6

► C a n d id e , 17 5 9

V o lt a ir e ’ s “ W is d o m ” ( I)

► E v e r y ma n is g u il t y o f a l l
t he g ood he
d id n ’t d o .
► Go d is a c o me d ia n p l a y in g
t o a n a u d ie n c e
t o o a f r a id t o l a u g h .
► I f Go d d id n o t e x is t , it
wo u l d b e n e c e s s a r y
t o in v e n t h im.
► I t is d a n g e r o u s t o b e
r ig h t wh e n t h e

V o lt a ir e ’ s “ W is d o m ”
( II)
► J u d g e o f a ma n b y h is
q u e s t io n s r a t h e r t h a n
b y h is a n s we r s .
► M e n a r e e q u a l ; it is n o t
b ir t h , b u t v ir t u e
t h a t ma k e s t h e d if f e r e n c e .
► P r e j u d ic e is o p in io n wit h o u t
j u d g me n t .
► T h e wa y t o b e c o me b o r in g is
t o s ay
e v e r y t h in g .

D a v i d H u m e ( 17 11- 17 7 6 )

► T h e Na t u r a l
His t o r y o f
R e l ig io n [ ]
[ [ ( 17 5 5 ] ) .

► B e lie f in
G o d re s te d
on
s u p e r s t it io n
a nd fe a r

E d w a r d G ib b o n
( 17 3 7 - 17 9 4 )
► T he D ecline and
F all of the R oman
E mpire (6 volumes),
1787.

H e p o in t e d o u t
p r o b le m s w it h
c o nte mp o ra ry
E n g la n d a n d t r ie d

Th e B a r o n d e
M o n t e s q u i e u ( 16 8 9 - 17 5 5 )

► P e r s ia n
Let t er s ,
17 2 1

► On t h e
S p ir it o f
L a ws , 17 5 8

M o n t e s q u ie u ’ s
P h ilo s o p h y
► Th r e e typ e s o f
g o ve rnme nt:
 M o n a r c h y.
 R e p u b lic .
 D e s p o t is m .

 A s e p a r a t io n o f
p o lit ic a l p o w e r s
e ns u re d fre e d o m a nd
lib e r t y .

J ean J ac ques
R o u s s e a u ( 17 12 - 17 7 8 )
►A
Dis c o u r s e
on t he
S c ie n c e s
a n d Ar t s ,
17 5 0

► E mil e , 1 7 6 2 .

► T h e S o c ia l

R o u s s e a u ’ s P h ilo s o p h y
( I)
► Q u e s t io n  D o e s
p r o g r e s s in t h e a r t s a n d
s c i e n c e sO c o r r e s p o n d
N !
w it h p r o g r e s s in
m o r a lit y ?
 A s c iv iliz a t io n s p r o g r e s s ,
the y m o ve a w a y fro m
m o r a lit y .
 S c ie n c e & a r t r a is e d
a r t if ic ia l b a r r ie r s b e t w e e n
p e o p le a n d t h e ir n a t u r a l

( II)
 V ir t u e e x is t s in t h e ” s t a t e
o f n a t u r e , ” b u t lo s t in
“ s o c ie t y . ”
 G o ve rnme nt mus t
p r e s e r v e “ v ir t u e ” a n d
” lib e r t y . ”
 M a n is b o r n f r e e , y e t
e v e r y wh e r e h e is in c h a in s .
 The c o nc e p t o f the
” N o b le S a v a g e . ”
 L ib e r t y , E q u a l it y ,

( III)
► I n T h e S o c ia l C o n t r a c t :
 T h e r ig h t k in d o f p o lit ic a l
o r d e r c o u ld m a k e p e o p le
t r u ly m o r a l a n d f r e e .
 In d iv id u a l m o r a l f r e e d o m
c o u ld b e a c h ie v e d o n ly b y
le a r n in g t o s u b je c t o n e ’ s
in d iv id u a l in t e r e s t s t o t h e
“ G e n e r a l W ill. ”
 In d iv id u a ls d id t h is b y
e n t e r in g in t o a s o c ia l
c o n t r a c t n o t w it h t h e ir
r u le r s , b u t w it h e a c h o t h e r .

( IV )
► P e o p le w o u ld b e m o s t f r e e
a nd mora l unde r a
r e p u b lic a n f o r m o f
g o v e r n m e n t w it h d ir e c t
d e m o c r a c y.
► H o w e v e r , t h e in d iv id u a l
c o u ld b e “ f o r c e d t o b e
fre e ” b y the te rm s o f the
s o c ia l c o n t r a c t .
 H e p r o v id e d n o le g a l
p r o t e c t io n s f o r in d iv id u a l
r ig h t s .

P o p u l a r iz i
ng
t he
E n l ig h t e n

M a d a m e G e o f f r in ’ s
S a lo n

T h e S a l o n n ie r e s

Ma da me Ma da me
G e o f f r in M a d e m o is e ll S uza nne
( 16 9 9 - 17 7 7 ) e Nec ker
J u lie d e ( 17 3 9 - 17 9 4 )
L e s p in a s s e

O t h e r F e m a le S a lo n s
► W e a lt h y J e w is h w o m e n
c r e a t e d n in e o f t h e
f o u r t e e n s a lo n s in B e r lin .
► In W a r s a w , P r in c e s s Z o f ia
C z a r to r ys k a g a th e r e d
a ro u nd he r the re fo rm
le a d e r s o f P o la n d -
L it h u a n ia .
► M id d le -c la s s w o m e n in
L o n d o n u s e d t h e ir s a lo n s

F e m a l e P h il o s o p h e s
► E m ilie d u C h a t a le t ,
a F r e n c h n o b le w o m a n
( 17 0 6 - 17 4 9 ) .
► W r o t e e x t e n s iv e ly a b o u t
t h e m a t h e m a t ic s a n d
p h y s ic s o f G o t t f r ie d
W ilh e lm v o n L e b n it z a n d
Is a a c N e w t o n .
► H e r lo v e r , V o lt a ir e , le a r n e d
m u c h o f h is s c ie n c e f r o m
he r.

D e n is D id e r o t
( 17 13 - 17 l 8l 4t )h in g s
►A
mu s t b e
e x a min e d ,
debat ed,
in v e s t ig a t e d
wit h o u t
e x c e p t io n a n d
wit h o u t r e g a r d
f o r a n y o n e ’s
f e e l in g s .

► W e wil l s p e a k

D i d e r o t ’ s E n c y c l o p é d ie

T h e E n c y c l o p é d ie

► C o mp l e t e c y c l e o f
k n o wl e d g e … … ...…
……
c hange t he gener al
wa y o f t h in k in g .
► 2 8 v o lu m e s .

► A lp h a b e t ic a l, c r o s s -
re fe re n c e d ,
illu s t r a t e d .

P a g e s f r o m D id e r o t ’ s
E n c y c l o p e d ie

S u b s c r ip t io n s t o
D i d e r o t ’ s E n c y c l o p e d ie

T h e “ R e p u b lic o f
L e tte rs ”
► U R B A N –  g a t h e r in g o f
e lit e s in t h e
c it ie s .
( s a lo n s )
► U R B A N E –
c o s m o p o lit a n , w o r ld ly
 m u s ic , a r t , lit e r a t u r e ,
p o lit ic s
 re a d ne w s p a p e rs & the

R e a d in g D u r in g t h e
► L i t e r a lc g :h t e n m e n t
En iy
 8 0 % % % o /o f o r m e n ; 6 0 o /o
w ome n.

►B o o k s w e r e e x p e n s iv e
( o n e d a y’ s w a g e s ) .
►M a n y r e a d e r s f o r e a c h
b o o k ( 2 0 : 1)
 n o v e ls , p la y s & o t h e r
lit e r a t u r e .

A n In c r e a s e in R e a d in g

“ Mus t Read” B ooks of
t h e T im e

“E n l ig h t
ened
De s p o t is

F r e d e r ic k t h e G r e a t o f
P r u s s i a ( r . 17 4 0 - 17 8 6 )
► 17 12 - – 17 8 6 .

► S uc c eeded
h is f a t h e r ,
F r e d e r ic k
W illia m I
( t h e “ S o ld ie r
K in g ” ) .

► He s aw

C a t h e r in e t h e G r e a t
( r . 17 6 2 - 17 9 6 )

► G e rma n
P r in c e s s
S o p h ie
F r ie d e r ik e
A ug us te
of

R e fo rm e r? OR D e s p o t?

17 6 7 : C a t h e r i n e
s u m m o n s t h e L e g is la t iv e
C o m m is s io n .
17 6 8 - 17 7 4 : R u s s o - T u r k i s h
Wa r.
17 7 1- 17 7 5 : P u g a c h e v
R e b e llio n is s u p p r e s s e d .
17 7 2 : F i r s t p a r t i t i o n o f
P o la n d .
17 8 5 : C h a r t e r o f

R e fo rm e r? OR D e s p o t?

T h e P a r t it io n s o f
P o la n d

-
17 7
2
-
17 9
3
-

R u s s ia n E x p a n s io n is m
i n t h e L a t e 18 c

J o s e p h II o f A u s t r ia ( r .
17 6 5 - 17 9 0 )
► 17 4 1 -–
17 9 0 .
► H is
mo the r w a s
M a r ia
The re s a .

H a b s b u r g F a m ily
C re s t

J o s e p h II, H o ly R o m a n
E mpe ror
17 7 2 : F i r s t p a r t i t i o n o f
P o la n d .
17 7 8 - 17 7 9 : H e f a i l e d t o a n n e x
B a v a r ia t o A u s t r ia n la n d s .
17 8 1: D e c l a r e d t h e T o l e r a t i o n
P a te nt.
17 8 1: A b o l i t i o n o f s e r f d o m
a n d fe u d a l d u e s .
17 8 5 : H e f a i l e d t o e x c h a n g e
t h e A u s t r ia
N e t h e r la n d s f o r B a v a r ia .

J o s e p h II o f A u s t r ia

Th e L e g a c y o f th e
1. T h e d e m o c r a t i c
r e v o lu t io n s b e g u n in
A m e r i c a i n 17 7 6 a n d
c o n t in u e d in A m s t e r d a m ,
B r u s s e ls , a n d e s p e c ia lly
in P a r is in t h e la t e
1. R e 8 o rsm ,p d e m v e r y c y , a n d
17 f 0 , u t e o c r a
r ee sutb lr c agno s mr n md n te o n
W p e in ive ha e b e
p le e d i re ve .
t h a c d e f e rn s iv o c a b l y o n
the We s te rn a g e nd a .

1. N e w f o r m s o f c i v i l s o c i e t y
a r o s e – -- c lu b s , s a lo n s ,
f r a t e r n a ls , p r iv a t e
a c a d e m ie s , le n d in g
lib r a r ie s , a n d
e 19 c c o n s e r v a t i v e s
p r o f e s s i o n a l /s c i e n t i f i c
b l a m n id a tt ifo n s t.h e m o d e r n
org a e z i or
“ e g a lit a r ia n d is e a s e ”
( o nc e re fo rm e rs b e g a n
t o c r it ic iz e e s t a b lis h e d

e It e s t a b lis h e d a
m a t e r ia lis t ic t r a d it io n
b a s e d o n a n e t h ic a l
s y s t e m d e r iv e d s o le ly
f r o m a n a t u r a lis t ic
a c c o unt o f the huma n
u T h e o r e t ic a lly e n d o w e d
c o n d it io n ( t h e “ R e lig io n
w fi tN af tuul l e ” v)i.l a n d l e g a l
o h rc i
r ig h t s , t h e in d iv id u a l h a d
c o m e in t o e x is t e n c e a s a
p o lit ic a l a n d s o c ia l f o r c e

Theenlightenment 100608081048-phpapp02 (Mr. Macale)

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Plus de Jerome John Gutierrez

Plus de Jerome John Gutierrez (12)

Theenlightenment 100608081048-phpapp02 (Mr. Macale)