English Structure, Linguistics

2. Table of Contents
WORDS
Prefix
Suffix
Synonyms
Antonyms
Homonyms
PARTS OF SPEECH
Nouns
Adjectives
Adverb
Verbs
Preposition
Conjunctions
Interjection
Adjectival Phrase
PHRASES
Adverbial Phrase
Participle
Participial Phrase
Gerunds
Gerundial Phrase
Infinitive
Infinitive Phrase
CLAUSES
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
Kinds of Subordinate
Clause
Adjective Clause
Noun Clause
Adverb Clause
Appositive Phrase
Clause

3. WORDS
Prefix
Suffix
Synonyms
Antonyms
Homonyms

4. Prefix
 is a word-part added at the beginning of a word.
When a prefix is added to a word, it changes the
meaning of the word. It creates a new word.
Examples:
il - legal = illegal
un - able = unable
pre - heat = preheat
super - power = superpower
ir - reversible = irreversible
auto - mobile = automobile

5. Suffix
 is a word added at the end of a word. Like a
prefix, the suffix changes the meaning of a word.
Examples:
child - ish = childish
love - able = lovable
religion - ious = religious
tardy - ness = tardiness
beauty - ful = beautiful
care - less = careless
hazard - ous = hazardous

6. Synonyms
 are words that are similar in meaning
Examples:
smart = clever
proud = flamboyant
courage = valor
mock = humiliate
null = void
afraid = scared
honest = truthful
funny = hillarious

7. Antonyms
 are words that are opposite in meaning
Examples:
smart = stupid
beautiful = ugly
victory = defeat
cheap = expensive
thrifty = lavish
expedite = derail
conserve = pollute
hot = cold

8. Homonyms
 are words that sound alike but have different
meanings and spellings
Examples:
new = knew
mad = mud
love = lab
dye = die
bad = bud
god = gad
ode = odd
knot = not

9. PARTS OF SPEECH
Nouns
Adjectives
Adverb
Verbs
Preposition
Conjunctions
Interjection

10. Nouns
Classification of Nouns
Common
Proper
Collective
Concrete
Abstract
Count
Mass

11. Nouns
 is a subordinate clause which, like an adjective
modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Classification of Nouns
 is a noun in which does not name a particular
person, place or thing. Common nouns are not
capitalized.
Examples:
boy, planet, tree, university, shoes, bag
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
 is the name of a particular person, place or thing.
Examples:
Pedro, Jupiter, Narra, Maria

12. Collective Noun
 is the name for a group of persons, animals or things.
Examples:
Committee, flock, herd, team
Concrete Noun
Examples:
beauty, love, kindness, justice
 names an object which can be perceived by the senses.
Examples:
chair, umbrella, phone, book
Abstract Noun
 names a quality, a characteristic or an idea.

13. Count Noun
 a noun that can be counted
Examples:
persons, books, students, trees
Mass Noun
 a noun that cannot be counted
Examples:
stars, sand, sugar, hair

14. Adjectives
Classification of Adjectives
Descriptive
Limiting
Proper
Demonstrative
Articles
Pronouns

15. Adjectives
Classification of Adjectives
 is a word used to modify or limit a noun or a pronoun.
 adjectives that modify a noun or a pronoun in terms of
size, shape, color, texture, smell, age, and physical
appearance.
Descriptive
Limiting
 adjectives that refer to number or order cardinal
Examples: round, beautiful, tall, old
Examples:
round, beautiful, tall, old

16.  adjectives that are made from proper noun
Proper Adjectives
Demonstrative
 adjectives that are also used as a demonstrative pronoun.
Examples: round, beautiful, tall, old
Examples: that book, those chairs, this bag, these pencils
Articles
 adjectives that precede a noun. a and an are indefinite
articles and the is a definite article.
Examples: the book, a book, an apple, a dog
Pronouns
 can also be used as adjectives.
Examples: our teacher, my brother, his house, her family

17. Adverb
Classificatoin of Adverbs according to meaning:
Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Time
Adverb of Place
Adverb of Degree

18.  is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another
adverb.
Classification of Adverbs according to meaning:
Adverb of Manner
Examples:
immediately, melodiously, here
Adverb
 tells how the action was done and ends with suffix - ly.
Adverb of Time
 tells when the action indicated by the verb took place.
Examples:
arrived late, came early

19. Adverb of Place
Examples:
teaches here, walked out
 tells the location indicated by the verb.
Adverb of Degree
 tells the amount of the adjective quality and the
verb action.
Examples:
very tired, quite welvery tired, quite well

20. Classificatoin of Verbs according to meaning:
Verbs
Transitive
State of Being
Kinds of Verbs according to use:
State of Action
Intransitive
Linking

21.  is a word that expresses a state of action or a state of
being. It is connected as the framework of the sentence
Classification of Verbs according to meaning:
State of Action
Examples:
run, read, talk, eat
Verbs
 these are action verbs which include physical and mental
acitons.
State of Being
Examples:
appear, feel, remain, sound, grow
 help describe the condition or state of some person or thing.

22. Kinds of Verbs according to Use:
Transitive Verbs
Examples: The students left the car at the park.
The guard picked the ball.
 are verbs that need a direct object.
Intransitive Verbs
Examples: The dog run towards the man.
They went to the party.
 are verbs that do not need a direct object. They likewise
express state of action.
Linking Verbs
 verbs that link or copulate the subject to a word or words
Examples: The girl is dancing and singing.

23. Examples:
about above across after against
along amid among around at
before below beneath beside between
beyond but by concerning
down during except for in inside
like of off on over past since
through throughout toward under to
unto up upon with
within without
 is a word used to show the relation of a noun or a
pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
Preposition

24. Kinds of Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions

25.  is a word which joins words and group of words
Kinds of Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Examples:
Conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions
either…or; neither…nor; both…and; not…but also
Examples:
and, but, or, nor
Subordinating Conjunctions
Examples: after, although, as, as much, as, because before,
how, in as much as, in order, that, provided than,
though, till, unless, when

26.  is a word which expresses emotion and has no
grammatical relation to other words in the
sentence.
Interjection
Examples:
Oh! What!
Hurrah! Alas!
Ouch! Aha!
Bravo! Ha!
Gosh! Damn!
Shocks! Gee!

27. Adjectival Phrase
PHRASES
Adverbial Phrase
Participle
Participial Phrase
Gerunds
Gerundial Phrase
Infinitive
Infinitive Phrase
Appositive Phrase

28. Adjectival Phrase
 is a prepositional phrase that modifies noun or
prounoun.
Examples:
The gift from my friend was an inspirational book.
The bottom of the jar was dirty.
Adverbial Phrase
 is a prepositional phrase that modifies verb or and
adjective or an adverb.
The dress was blue with a green lining.
My father arrives late in the evening.
Examples:

29. Participle
 is word which acts as both a verb and an adjective.
Participial Phrase
 is a group of related words containing a participle. It
acts as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.
Frightened by the news, my brother turned off the tv.
Angered by his younger brother, Rudy turned off the light in
the room.
Examples:
Gerunds
 are verbals that look like a verb because they end in-
ing but function as a noun.

30. Gerundial Phrase
 is a phrase containing a gerund. It functions as a
noun inside the sentence.
Jolina enjoys singing sentimental songs.
Collecting stamps is her favourite past-time.
Examples:
Infinitive
 is a verbal consisting of the preposition to followed by
the verb. It is primarily used as a noun. But may also be
used as an adjective or an adverb.

31. Infinitive Phrase
 is a phrase containing an infinitive. It functions
as a noun or a modifier inside the sentence.
Examples:
I have an exciting news to tell to everybody.
Her new assignment is to watch the kids playing.
Appositive Phrase
 is a phrase which follows a noun or a pronoun and
means the same thing.
Mr. Garcia, our English teacher, left the room.
I received information from Anne, my secretary
Examples:

32. CLAUSES
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
Kinds of Subordinate Clause
Adjective Clause
Noun Clause
Adverb Clause
Clause

33. Clause
 is a group of words that contains a verb and its
subject and is used as a part of the sentence.
Main Clause (Independent Clause)
 a clause that expresses a complete thought and can
stand by itself as a sentence.
Examples: He just invented the story.
She needs a glass of water.
Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause)
 a clause that expresses a complete thought and can
stand by itself as a sentence.
Examples: Since she did not attend her classes regularly,
The teacher almost caught Marlon.

34. Kinds of Subordinate Clause
Adjective Clause
 is a subordinate clause which, like an adjective
modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Examples:
Cecille is the kind of person who never gets upset so easily.
Mrs. Nicadao showed pictures which were taken in Vigan.
Noun Clause
 is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
Examples:
What the teacher said was not clear.
Your patience with me is what I need right now.

35. Adverb Clause
 is a subordinate clause which, like an adverb,
modifies a verb or an adjective or an adverb.
Examples:
The athletes run because they were told to.
Karenina is as pretty as a girl can be.