1. Unit 4 Outcome 1Unit 4 Outcome 1
Introducing global health andIntroducing global health and
human developmenthuman development
Chapter 8 p.264 -268Chapter 8 p.264 -268
Dot point 1Dot point 1
““definitions of developed anddefinitions of developed and
developing countries according todeveloping countries according to
the WHO, including high/lowthe WHO, including high/low
mortality strata”mortality strata”

2. Developed countriesDeveloped countries p.266p.266
• Developed (industrialised): well
developed industry, mining or
agriculture sectors, healthy
economy based on trade
• High Gross Domestic product
(GDP): total value of goods and
services produced by a country
in a year = one indicator that a
country is developed
• Therefore: flourishing economy,
established healthcare,
education system, high literacy
and immunisation rates
• eg of countries = Australia, New
Zealand, USA, Canada, Japan,
Sweden, Italy, UK, ...

3. Developing countriesDeveloping countries p. 266p. 266
• Less developed and generally
have a low GDP
• Less access to technology, poor
industry, limited trade
• Infrastructure poorly developed
• Business /finance system is
weak
• High rates of poverty caused by
debt, colonisation, international
trade arrangements, may be
impoverished through war,
conflict or natural disasters
• Thus have limited healthcare
facilities, low literacy rates
• Short life expectancy, high
morbidity, low literacy and
immunisation rates
• eg countries = Afghanistan,
Thailand, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe,
China, Cambodia, Bangladesh,...

4. It is difficult to classify a country asIt is difficult to classify a country as
either developed or developingeither developed or developing
because they may have somebecause they may have some
features that are common to bothfeatures that are common to both
groupings.groupings.
There are many factors thatThere are many factors that
contribute to development, such ascontribute to development, such as
health status and health systems,health status and health systems,
economics (including the level ofeconomics (including the level of
wealth or GDP), environmentalwealth or GDP), environmental
health, and education.health, and education.

5. WHO regionsWHO regions
• The WHO have grouped countries into 6
regions
- Based on geographical location
- These regions may include both
developed and developing countries
- It is difficult to categorise all countries as
developed or developing, many levels
• UN has not established a formal
definition.
• WHO uses the following to categorise
them:
- High mortality developing countries
- Low mortality developing countries
- Developed countries

8. WHO Mortality Strata p266-267WHO Mortality Strata p266-267
• The WHO has also classified its member states (there areThe WHO has also classified its member states (there are
more than 190) into five mortality strata.more than 190) into five mortality strata.
• Statistics for child and adult mortality are analysed and theStatistics for child and adult mortality are analysed and the
countries are classified accordingly.countries are classified accordingly. Child mortalityChild mortality refersrefers
to the mortality rates of children under five years per 1000to the mortality rates of children under five years per 1000
live births.live births. Adult mortalityAdult mortality refers to the mortality of malesrefers to the mortality of males
aged between 15 and 59.aged between 15 and 59.
• Classifying the countries by mortality rates alone putsClassifying the countries by mortality rates alone puts
countries with other countries experiencing similar healthcountries with other countries experiencing similar health
outcomes. Health campaigns and interventions can then beoutcomes. Health campaigns and interventions can then be
devised for each strata in order to improve the healthdevised for each strata in order to improve the health
outcomes of their respective populations.outcomes of their respective populations.

9. VCAA…VCAA…
The WHO classifies countries into five mortality strata basedThe WHO classifies countries into five mortality strata based
on the mortality rates of children under five years of age andon the mortality rates of children under five years of age and
adults. (adult male mortality ages 15–59 years old)adults. (adult male mortality ages 15–59 years old)
•• Mortality strata A – very low child mortality and low adult mortality.Mortality strata A – very low child mortality and low adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata B – low child mortality and low adult mortality.Mortality strata B – low child mortality and low adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata C – low child mortality and high adult mortality.Mortality strata C – low child mortality and high adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata D – high child mortality and high adult mortality.Mortality strata D – high child mortality and high adult mortality.
•• Mortality strata E – high child mortality and very high adult mortality.Mortality strata E – high child mortality and very high adult mortality.
•Countries in A strata considered developed, while those
in strata D or E considered developing
•It is more difficult to label strata B or C
Table 8.1 – WHO member states by region and strata p. 267Table 8.1 – WHO member states by region and strata p. 267

10. Exam Question 2010Exam Question 2010
• Section A,Section A, Question 4Question 4
• List two characteristics used by the WorldList two characteristics used by the World
Health Organization (WHO) to describe aHealth Organization (WHO) to describe a
developing country.developing country.
• 1.1.
• 2.2.
(2 marks)(2 marks)

11. AnswerAnswer
• Characteristics used by the World Health OrganizationCharacteristics used by the World Health Organization
(WHO) to describe a developing country include (any two(WHO) to describe a developing country include (any two
of): Note – must state if the characteristic is high/lowof): Note – must state if the characteristic is high/low
•• under-five mortality rateunder-five mortality rate
•• adult mortalityadult mortality
•• child mortalitychild mortality
•• infant mortalityinfant mortality
•• incomeincome
•• adult literacyadult literacy
•• life expectancylife expectancy
•• level of economic developmentlevel of economic development
•• gross domestic product.gross domestic product.

12. Exam Question 2012Exam Question 2012
a. Select one developing country from the table and usea. Select one developing country from the table and use

13. Answer:Answer:
• Following is a possible approach to answering this question.Following is a possible approach to answering this question.
- Afghanistan is a high-mortality strata developing country.- Afghanistan is a high-mortality strata developing country.
The life expectancy is low (68yrs), the Under-5 mortalityThe life expectancy is low (68yrs), the Under-5 mortality
rate per 1000 people is very high(199 deaths per 100) andrate per 1000 people is very high(199 deaths per 100) and
maternal mortality is high (1400 per 1000 000), whichmaternal mortality is high (1400 per 1000 000), which
supports high mortality strata.supports high mortality strata.
• Students needed to select a developing country –Students needed to select a developing country –
Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Chad – or no marksAfghanistan, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Chad – or no marks
could be awarded.could be awarded.
• Many students were able to state that the developingMany students were able to state that the developing
country was Strata E or D, given the statistics.country was Strata E or D, given the statistics.

14. Question:Question:
• Explain how the WHO strata levels canExplain how the WHO strata levels can
assist in providing aid programs.assist in providing aid programs.
• Answer:Answer:
• The WHO strata levels can assist in providing aid
programs by being using the strata information to predict
where services may be needed in the future and plan
their projects accordingly, for example in areas with very
high and high child mortality rates immunisation
programs could be implement.

15. •Additional informationAdditional information

16. Contributing Reasons?Contributing Reasons?
DebtDebt
• International debt a concern for developing
countries
• Problem begins in 1970’s and 80’s when large
loans were made to poor nations by other
countries & financial institutes such as World
Bank
• Encouraged to borrow funds to build
infrastructure such as transport systems &
grow crops for export to improve economy
• However many governments made poor use of
the $; purchased weapons, extravagant
buildings
• As a result when price of oil and farming
equipment increased & returns for crops were
low....were not able to earn enough $ to repay
debt
• Too many countries spend their $ on repaying
debt

17. ColonialismColonialism • Level of poverty stems back
to 18th
or 19th
century
• Colonisers: Britain Spain,
Portugal, Holland, and
France exploited the raw
materials and resources of
the colonies in order to
develop and support their
own trade industries
• Gold, and other valuable
materials were mined, cash
crops such as tobacco and
coffee were planted, and
local populations were used
as cheap labour

18. • Before colonisation a large proportion of the
countries were self-sufficient
• Europeans arrived: locals were made to
work for the new masters, or grow cash
crops for low wages
• Food shortages developed due to land now
unavailable for previous use
• As a result many families left the countryside &
moved to towns & cities to search for
employment
• Resulted: low paying jobs, food supply
uncertain, crowded & unsanitary, disease
• Small pox introduced by colonial powers, many
deaths
• Many previously colonised countries have today
regained their independence - East Timor in
Western Pacific Region....hard to rebuild...

19. TradeTrade
• Many developing countries dependMany developing countries depend
on exports for incomeon exports for income
• While international trade hasWhile international trade has
potential to help poorer nationspotential to help poorer nations
combat poverty, it is often wealthiercombat poverty, it is often wealthier
countries that benefit more from thecountries that benefit more from the
trade arrangementstrade arrangements
• Because of the small range ofBecause of the small range of
agricultural or mining exportsagricultural or mining exports
available, developing countries areavailable, developing countries are
vulnerablevulnerable in global marketin global market
• Buyer has control of priceBuyer has control of price
• Weather problems or diseased cropsWeather problems or diseased crops
may force developing countries tomay force developing countries to
sell products at a lower pricesell products at a lower price
• Taxes placed on imported processedTaxes placed on imported processed
foods affect their involvement infoods affect their involvement in
world marketworld market