Ch 08 ppt_lecture

Chapter 8 Lecture

Teaching Today’s Health
Tenth Edition

Body Systems

Valued Outcomes
• Describe the function and structure of
skin, hair, and nails.
• Explain the different roles of the brain.
• Discuss the function of selected components
(structures) of the nervous system.
• Describe the functions of selected glands and
the hormones associated with the endocrine
system.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Valued Outcomes
• Discuss the role of each component of the
respiratory system in the breathing process.
• Trace a drop of blood through the circulatory and
pulmonary systems.
• Describe the major function of the red blood
cells.
• Explain the function of white blood corpuscles in
fighting off infection.


Valued Outcomes
• Describe how food travels through the body.
• Describe the function of the skeletal system.
• Describe how liquid and solid wastes are filtered
in the body.
• Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary
muscles.


A Unique Machine
• At conception, everyone has the capacity for
growth, development, and functioning through
genetic factors.
• Environmental factors, however, determine what
actually happens.
• Health can only be achieved by keeping the
body and its systems in good condition.


The Integumentary System
• The largest human organ is the skin.
• The skin protects the muscles, bones, and other
body organs.
• The skin also helps to regulate body
temperature and contains nerve cells that
enable people to feel warmth, cold, pain, touch,
and other sensations.


The Integumentary System
• The outermost layer of skin is the epidermis.
• The middle most layer of skin is the dermis.
• The innermost layer of the skin is the
subcutaneous tissue.
• Other components of the integumentary system
include the hair and nails.


Skin and Hair


The Nervous System
• The nervous system controls all physiological
functions and many psychological ones.
• The nervous system is divided into two parts.
– The central nervous system.
– The peripheral nervous system.


The Central Nervous System
• The central nervous
system (CNS) is
divided into 2 major
parts: the brain and
the spinal cord.


The Brain
• The brain is composed of 4 parts:
– Cerebrum
– Cerebellum
– Diencephalon
– Brainstem


Parts of the Brain
• Cerebrum
– Largest part of the brain; governs intelligence
and reasoning, learning, and memory
• Cerebellum
– Needed for muscle coordination and
maintains muscle tone, posture, and balance


Parts of the Brain
• Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)
– Closest to the spinal cord and helps regulate
heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood
pressure), and reflex centers
(vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, hiccuppin
g)
• Diencephalon
– Includes the hypothalamus and thalamus. The
hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
(thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance and
blood pressure). The thalamus serves as a central
relay point for incoming nerve messages.


The Cerebrum and Lobes of the Brain
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the human
brain and is divided into left and right cerebral
hemispheres.
• The central hemispheres are covered by a thin
layer of gray matter known as the cerebral
cortex.
• The surface of the cerebral cortex is covered
with bumps or bulges, called gyri and grooves
called sulci.


The Cerebrum and Lobes of the Brain
• The occipital lobe (back of head) receives and
processes information.
• The temporal lobe receives auditory signals and
processes language and meaning of words.
• The parietal lobe processes information about
the senses
(touch, taste, pressure, pain, heat, and cold).
• The frontal lobe conducts 3 functions: motor
activity, speech, and thought processes.


The Control Centers and Lobes of the Brain


Indelible Learning
• "Active learning" helps students retain what they
have learned.
• Active learning builds patterns and programs in
the brain to provide feedback loops.
• Three criteria must be met to help promote
knowledge retention:
1. The learning is meaningful to the student
2. The student experiences strong emotions
about the learning.
3. The student applies the lesson within 24
hours.

The Diencephalon
• Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
– Thalamus acts as switching center for nerve
passages.
– Hypothalamus is major homeostatic center
with nervous and endocrine functions.


The Cerebellum
• The 'little brain' located behind the brain stem.
• Control fine motor coordination, body
movement, posture, and balance.


The Brain Stem
• Area of the brain between the thalamus and
spinal cord.
• Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla
oblongata.
• Smallest, most primitive part of the brain, it
controls most basic body functions.
– Heart rate
– Blood pressure
– Digestion
– Respiration

The Spinal Cord
• Links the brain to the rest of the body.
• Main pathway for information connecting the brain
and peripheral nervous system.
• Protected by the bony spinal column, which
consists of bones called vertebrae.
• The spinal cord is located within the vertebral
foramen (central holes in the vertebrae).
• Contains ascending and descending bundles of
neurons.
• Also control reflexes that do not involve the brain.

How Parts of the Brain Work Together
• Cerebral cortex helps with cognitive functions
like speech and decision making.
• Cerebellum coordinates muscles and joints to
act on thoughts.
• Brain stem sends information to brain and spinal
cord to control changes as a result of behavior.


The Peripheral Nervous System
• Connects the central nervous system with
sensory receptors, organs, muscles, and glands.
• Made up of two components: somatic nervous
system and the autonomic nervous system.
– Somatic system controls skeletal muscles
and voluntary movements
– Autonomic system regulates smooth
muscles
• Sympathetic division activates 'fight-or-flight'
response.
• Parasympathetic division restores resting state.

The Endocrine System
• The endocrine system regulates the body with
the production of hormones.
• The two "controller" glands of the endocrine
system are the hypothalamus and the
pituitary, which are both located in the brain.
• The hypothalamus controls body temperature
and also controls the pituitary gland.


The Endocrine System
• The pituitary gland is responsible for
influencing: reproductive glands, human growth
and development, water balance and blood
pressure, and skin pigmentation.
– Anterior pituitary lobe ("the master gland")
secretes 6 major hormones controlling
reproduction, growth and development.
– Posterior pituitary lobe stores and releases
hormones into blood.


Major Structures of the Endocrine System


The Thyroid Gland
• Located in the neck.
• Thyroid hormone increases the overall metabolic
rate and regulates growth and development,
including the onset of sexual maturity.


The Adrenal Glands
• Located above the kidneys.
• Each gland is divided into an inner medulla and
an outer cortex.
• The medulla secretes amine hormones
(epinephrine and norepinephrine) to initiate the
"fight or flight" response.
• The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones
that maintain electrolyte balance, regulate blood
sugar, suppress the immune response, and
inhibit the inflammatory response.

The Pancreas
• The pancreas secretes the hormones insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose
levels.
• After eating, blood glucose levels
rise, stimulating the release of insulin.
• When insulin is released, cells absorb glucose;
and liver and skeletal muscle cells form the
carbohydrate glycogen.
• Glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose, which is then released into the blood to
maintain glucose levels in a balanced range.

The Respiratory System
• Air enters the body through the nose, and then it
is warmed, filtered, and passed through the
nasal cavity.
• Air then passes the pharynx and larynx, then
moves into the bronchi that carry air in and out
of the lungs.


The Respiratory System


Ventilation
• Ventilation is the process of breathing in and out.
• When one inhales, muscles in the chest wall
contract, lifting the ribs and pulling them
outward.
• The diaphragm moves downward, enlarging the
chest cavity.
• Reduced air pressure in the lungs causes air to
enter the lungs.
• Exhaling reverses these steps.


The Circulatory System
• The Heart
– The heart is a 2-sided, 4-chambered muscle that
contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood.
– Blood flows through the heart from veins to atria to
ventricles and then out by arteries.
– One heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, includes atrial
contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and
relaxation, and a short pause.
– Normal cardiac cycles at rest last 0.8 seconds.
– Systole is heart muscle contraction; Diastole is the
relaxation phase.


• Flow of blood through the heart
– Blood from the body flows through the vena
cava, which empties into the right atrium.
– At the same time, oxygenated blood from the
lungs flows from the pulmonary vein into the
left atrium.
– The muscles of each atria contract, forcing
blood downward through each AV valve into
each ventricle.


Steps for a Healthy Heart
• Learn the risk factors for heart disease and the
symptoms of a heart attack.
• Eat heart-healthy foods.
• Be physically active on most days of the week.
• Stop smoking.
• Have your weight and waist measured.


• Blood
– Plasma is the liquid component of blood that
contains nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins.
– Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen in
the cell's hemoglobin.
– Red blood cells comprise approximately 1/3 of
all the body's cells and are continuously
manufactured in the marrow of bones, ribs,
skull, and vertebrae.


• Blood
– White blood cells (leukocytes) lack hemoglobin
and function in the cellular immune response.
– White blood cells comprise less than 1 percent
of the blood's volume, and are made from stem
cells in bone marrow.
– Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain
hemoglobin and carry oxygen.
– About 1/3 of all cells in the body are
erythrocytes (25,000,000,000 cells).

• Blood
– Platelets result from cell fragmentation and
are involved in blood clotting.
– Platelets stick and adhere to tears in blood
vessels.
– A hemophiliac's blood cannot clot, so
providing correct proteins (clotting factors)
has been a common treatment for
hemophiliacs.


What is High Blood Pressure
• Abnormal condition where force of blood against
sides of arteries is consistently high.
• Systolic (higher number) pressure when the
heart is beating.
• Diastolic (lower number) pressure between
beats is the resting phase.
• Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80.
• High is 140/90 or higher.
• High blood pressure can lead to stroke, heart
attack, heart failure , and kidney failure.

The Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is a secondary circulatory
system that carries fluid called lymph.
• Lymph nodes are small, irregularly shaped
masses through which lymph vessels flow.
• Clusters of lymph nodes occur in the
armpits, groin, and neck.
• Cells of the immune system line the nodes and
attack bacteria and viruses traveling in the
lymph.


The Digestive and Excretory Systems
• The digestive system contains organs that
chemically alter food for absorption by body
tissues.
• It also is responsible for processing food, using
specific enzymes to break food down into usable
components
(protein, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and other
substances).


The Digestive System


• Digestion begins in the mouth, moving down
through the esophagus and into the stomach.
• The stomach gradually releases food material
into the upper small intestine, where digestion is
completed.
• After solid food has been digested, the
remaining fluid—chyme—is digested and
passes into the small intestine.


• In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed
from the chyme into the bloodstream, leaving the
unusable residue and some water.
• The residue passes through the colon (large
intestine) to the rectum, excess water is
absorbed back to the body.
• The remaining solid waste, called feces, passes
out of the body through the anal canal and the
anus.


The Excretory System
• The Kidneys
– The kidneys' major function is to regulate the
water content, mineral composition, and
acidity of the body.
– They excrete each substance in an amount
adequate to achieve balance and maintain
normal concentrations in the extracellular
fluid.
– The kidneys also are responsible for removing
metabolic wastes from the blood and
excreting them in urine.

The Excretory System


How to Care for the Digestive System
• Eat the proper foods in appropriate quantities.
• Exercise.
• Consult your health care provider if you
consistently have an upset
stomach, heartburn, or constipation.


The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
• The skeletal-muscular system gives shape to the
body and provides support, protection, and
mobility.
• More than 200 bones comprise the human
skeleton.
• The long bones of the body contain red marrow
essential for manufacturing red blood cells.


• In infancy, bones are flexible and soft.
• Throughout the developmental process, the
ingestion of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin
D, help bones become more rigid and grow
thicker and longer.
• The upright walking posture of the human body
relies on the strong vertebral column and pelvis
for support.


The Skeletal System


• The place where bones meet are called joints.
• There are three broad structural categories of
joints:
– Synovial Joints—fluid-filled cavity and are
the most flexible type of joint.
– Cartilaginous Joints—articulating surfaces
that are covered with cartilage and permit a
moderate amount of flexibility.
– Fibrous Joints—provide the least flexibility
because the joints are joined together with
fibrous tissue.

The Vertebral Column
• 33 vertebrae (spinal column and backbone) that
extend from the base of the head to the hip
region.
• Allows bending, twisting, and turning motions of
the upper body.
• Divided into:
– 7 Cervical vertebrae.
– 12 Thoracic vertebrae.
– 5 Lumbar vertebrae.
– 5 fused Sacral vertebrae.
– Coccyx (tailbone)

The Skull
• The human skull includes the cranium and the
bones of the face.
• The cranium is a group of 16 large, flat, hard
bones that form a domelike structure that
surrounds and protects the brain.
• The facial bones provide protection for the eyes,
nasal passages, and the cheeks.


The Sternum and Rib Cage
• The sternum is a flat, elongated, thick and rigid
bone that protects the heart.
• The rib cage attaches to the sternum (front) and
thoracic vertebrae (back) and protects the lungs.
• 10 pairs of attached ribs and 2 pairs of
unattached, floating ribs.


The Pelvis
• The bowl-shaped pelvis is formed by
connections of the sacral and coccyx vertebrae
of the back with the hipbones in the side and
front portions of the body.
• The pelvis helps protect organs of the
reproductive and excretory systems.
• The pelvis also supports the upper part of the
body and aids in twisting, turning, and sitting.


Bones of the Legs and Feet
• Femur—extends from each side of the hip and
is the upper leg bone. It is the largest bone in the
body.
• Patella—protects the knee.
• Tibia—(shin) is attached to the femur at the
knee.
• Fibula—is part of the lower leg.
• Tarsals—place where the bones of the tibia and
fibula are joined to the bones of the feet and
ankle.
• Phalanges—the 14 bones of the toes.

Bones of the Arms and Hands
•
•
•
•
•

Scapula—triangular shoulder blade
Humerus—upper arm bone
Clavicle—collarbone
Ulna—the longer bone of the lower arm
Radius—shorter lower arm bone on the thumb
side
• Carpal Bones—wrist bones
• Metacarpals—palm of the hand
• Phalanges—bones of the fingers


The Muscles
• The human body contains over 650 muscles
attached to the skeleton.
• The main job of the muscular system is to
provide movement for the body.
• The muscular system consists of three different
types of tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Muscles are either voluntary or involuntary
(e.g., cardiac muscle).


The Muscular System


Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscle
– Skeletal muscle comprises approximately
40% of adult body weight.
– The nervous system controls the contractions.
– Many of the contractions are automatic, but
we still can control the action of skeletal
muscle (voluntary muscle).


• Cardiac muscle
– Cardiac muscle makes up the wall of the
heart (myocardium) and is involuntary.
– It is attached to other cardiac muscle rather
than to bone.


• Smooth muscle
– Much of our internal organs are comprised of
smooth muscles.
– The nervous system and hormones control
smooth muscles.
– We cannot consciously control this type of
muscle (involuntary muscle).


Care for the Skeletal and Muscular System
•
•
•
•
•

Maintain a healthy body weight.
Engage in regular physical activity.
Don't smoke.
Protect yourself from injury.
See your health care provider regularly.


Ch 08 ppt_lecture

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