2. The World in 1050
Several other civilizations were flourishing outside of
Europe during this same time period:
Muslim empire
India
Tang and Song dynasties in China
Sonike people of West Africa
Mayans and Incas
Byzantine empire
Seljuk Turks
Pope Innocent IV wrote a letter to the Mongols asking for
their help in the struggle against the Muslims in
Arabic, Mongol, and Latin
3. The Crusades
At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II
called for Christian knights to help fight the Turks and
drive them out of the Holy Land
The objective was to capture Jerusalem from the Turks
and put it back under Christian control---in today’s
world, Jews, Christians, and Muslims all consider
Jerusalem to be a holy city
Motivations for the crusaders---religious zeal, win
wealth and land, escape troubles at home, adventure
Pope’s motivations---heal the schism between the
Roman and Byzantine churches
10. The Crusades
Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals
Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099 and
celebrated by massacring Muslim and Jewish residents of
the city
The Crusades continued off and on for over 200 years
Saladin defeated the Crusaders during the Third Crusade
The Crusaders were led by Richard the Lionheart
During the Fourth Crusade, Christian crusaders ended up
fighting each other
In 1291, upon capturing the port city of Acre, the Muslims
massacred Christians
13. Effects of the Crusades
Five lasting effects of the Crusades on Europe:
Economic expansion
Introduction of new words
Increased power for monarchs
Increased tensions between Byzantine and Roman
churches
Wider world view
14. Effects of the Crusades
Products introduced into Europe: fabrics, spices, and
perfumes
Words we use that came from the Arabic language:
sugar, cotton, and rice
15. Effects of the Crusades
Monarchs won the right to levy taxes in order to
support the Crusades
Papal power was brought to its height by the Crusades
Christians realized for the first time that millions of
people lived in regions they had never known existed
16. Marco Polo
Originally from Venice, Italy and in 1271 set out to
explore China with his father and uncle
He spent many years in China and eventually returned
home and was called the “prince of liars” because
people did not believe the stories he told them
While in China, Polo observed a government-run mail
service and people using coal to heat their homes
18. Reconquista
Reconquista=reconquest of Spain from the Muslim
forces
In 1085, Christian forces captured the city of Toledo--their first real success
By 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian
Peninsula except for Granada
Muslim influences remained strong, though, and
helped shape the arts and literature of Christian Spain
35. Ferdinand and Isabella
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile in 1469 paved the way the unified Spain
Granada fell in 1492 and this marked the end of the
Reconquista
Isabella was determined to bring religious and political
unity to Spain
37. The Inquisition
Under Muslim rule, Spain had enjoyed a tradition of
religious toleration where Christians, Jews, and
Muslims lived in relative peace
Inquisition---church court set up to try people for
heresy
Isabella used this to launch a brutal crusade against
Jews and Muslims
People who refused to convert to Christianity were
burned alive at the stake