This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, and noise pollution. It provides details on sources and causes of each type of pollution as well as methods to control and prevent pollution. Some key points include: 1. Pollution is an undesirable change in the environment that affects human life. Sources include solid, liquid, and gaseous industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes. 2. Air pollution has both natural and man-made sources and is caused by stationary combustion, mobile combustion, and industrial activities. Major air pollutants are gaseous such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. 3. Water pollution comes from domestic, industrial, and

2. Pollution as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of air, water and soil which affects human life.
Sources of Pollution.
 Solid wastes( Industrial , Domestic, Agricultural wastes)
 Liquid wastes
 Gaseous wastes
 Energy wastes
 Noise
Kinds of Pollution.
1. Nature of Pollution.(Decomposable and non-decomposable)
2.Components of environment.( Air , Water , Soil Pollution etc.)
3. Sources of Pollutants.( Fertilizer , Pesticidal , Noise pollution etc.)
4.Type of Pollutants.( Lead , Mercury , Chromium , Cadmium pollutions)

3. Air Pollution
Natural Components of Air
Gas Volume(%)
Oxygen 20.92
Argon 0.9325
Hydrogen 0.01
Helium 0.0005
Nitrogen 78.1
Carbon dioxide 0.03
Neon 0.0018
Crypton 0.0001

4. Type of Air Pollutants:
Primary Pollutants:-They enter into air directly.
Secondary Pollutants:- They are created in air from other pollutants
under the influence of electromagnetic radiation from sun.
Sources of Air Pollution:
 Stationary combustion sources.( Burning of fuels like coal ,petroleum etc.)
 Mobile combustion sources. (Automobiles , Aircraft etc.)
 Industrial Processing and other sources.

5. Major Air Pollutants
1.Gaseous pollutants.
2. Particulate pollutants
1.Gaseous pollutants.
a. Inorganic gases.
b. Organic gases.
a. Inorganic gases :- Oxides Sulphur , Oxides of Carbon ,
Oxides of Nitrogen,
Ozone , other inorganic gases.
b. Organic gases :- Aldehydes , Hydrocarbons .
2. Particulate Pollutants.
Smoke and grit
Photochemical smog
Biocides and pesticides.
Heavy metals.
Radio- active elements.
Liquid particulates.

6. Control of Air Pollution
Some important measures to reduce the pollution of air are :-
1. Use of purified petrol
2. Modernisation of industries
3.Installation of air treatment plants
4. Use of alternate energy sources
5. Treatment of emissions
a. settling chambers
b. cyclone separators
c. wet and gas scrubbers
d. bag filters
e. electrostatic precipitation
6. Plantation of trees
7.Changes in lifestyle
8. Enforcement of Air (Prevention and control) Pollution
Act,1981
9. Environmental education

7. Water Pollution
Sources of water pollution
1. Domestic waste
2. Sewage
3. Industrial waste
4. Fertilizers and detergents
5. Pesticides and herbicides
6. Radioactive wastes
7. Thermal pollution
8. Oil
Control of water pollution
1. Effluents should not be discharged directly into water bodies
2. Proper treatment of the sewage must be carried out before
disposing it into water bodies
3.Hot liquid effluents should be cooled before discharge
4. Radioactive discharges should be strictly under control and
according to the scientific norms
5. Education

8. Soil Pollution
Sources of soil pollution
A. Natural sources
a. plant residues
b. animal wastes
B. Artificial sources
a. industrial wastes
b. solid wastes
c. radioactive wastes
d. detergents
e. agrochemicals
Control of soil pollution
1. Control of pesticide pollution
2. Control of fertilizer pollution
3. Control of acid rains
4. Avoid discharging of hot liquids and leakage of oil into the soil
5. Sewage should be biologically treated

9. Marine pollution
Sources of marine pollution
1. Industrial effluents
2. Marine ship effluents
3.Oil spillage
4.Inflow of fertilizers and pesticides
5.Nuclear tests and dumping of nuclear wastes
6.Eutrophication

10. Noise Pollution
Noise is a wrong sound at wrong place at wrong time .Noise pollution defined
as unwanted sound released into the atmosphere with out any concern to the
adverse effects.
Measurement of sound
The decibal(dB) measures a sound intensity by a ratio of loudness with
reference to the softest audible sound.
Sound levels of different sources:
Source Sound level(Db) Sound level( by man)
Self whisper 25 Very quiet
Ordinary conversation 60 Moderately sound
Food blender 85 Very loud
Motor cycle 90 Very loud
Jet plane 105 Uncomfortable loud
Thunder clap 120 Uncomfortable loud
Jet plane taking off 150 Painfull
Rocket engine 180 Painfull

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