Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Research Methods in the Philippines
1.
2. Methodology involves a brief
description of the research design to be
used including the justification why it is
the best method for the study. This
chapter covers a comprehensive
description of Methodology which
includes research design, research
locals, samples, and sampling
technique/s used in the study as well as
instrumentation, research, procedure
and complete statistical analysis of the
data gathered
3.
4. • Research design refers to a scheme or plan of
how the research will be conducted (Menheim
et al, 1977). Hence, the quality of research
output depends largely upon the research
design or method used in the study.
• Any researcher should, therefore exercise a
great level of judgement in selecting the
appropriate and effective method of research
in order to attain the main and specific
objectives of the study.
5. Any method or a combination
of the following research designs
could be utilized depending on its
appropriateness to the study to be
conducted:
8. Descriptive Method
Descriptive Method is a general procedure
employed in studies that have for their chief purpose
the description of phenomena (Good, 1973).
Travers (1978) refers this to a design which
describes the nature of a situation as it exist at a time
of the study and explores the course of a particular
phenomenon. This method is used to discover facts on
which professional judgement could be based. It
involves the description, recording, analysis and
interpretation of what it is. It is used in many fields of
investigation due to its applicability to solve different
kinds of problem.
9. A Survey is used when the
objectives of the study is to see a
general or specific picture of the
population under investigation in
terms of their social and economic
characteristics, opinions and their
knowledge about or behaviour
towards a certain phenomenon
covering either relatively large
population under investigation called
“census” or with a limited scope
which covers only a portion of
population under study called
“sample survey” (Ardoles, 1992).
10. Population Rank: 12
% of World Pop: 1.38%
The population of the
Philippines has been
steadily growing for many
years. In 2014, it is the
12th most populated
country in the world,
between Mexico and
Ethiopia, and continues to
grow at a rate of 1.89%
per year.
The data provided by the
Philippine National Statistics
Office. Projecting this data
forward, using the 1.89% growth
rate, gives us a 2013 population of
98,734,798 and 2014 population
of 100,617,630 in The Philippines.
Based on the 2010 census results,
the population increased nearly 16
million from the 2000 census
results. The growth rate has
slowed slightly from the previous
census, down to 1.89% from
2.34%. The next census in the
Philippines is scheduled for 2015.
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/
the-philippines-population/
Example
11. Survey is also used to gather
information or preferences
about health care, needs,
practices, social or political
views, beliefs, attitudes,
interests, perceptions and
other related topics.
12. Did you know?
The Philippines is the
texting king with over 2
billion messages sent daily
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/
the-philippines-population/
Example
13. The term “normative” is sometimes
used in survey to describe the established
standards through the study of what is
prevalent and made to ascertain the normal
or typical practice or condition which is
compared to local results with a state or
national norm. It is an investigation which
ascertains the facts concerning the present
status (Good, 1973).
14. Normative survey
Good and Scates (1972) stressed that “the
term NORMATIVE is sometimes used because
surveys are frequently made to ascertain the
normal or typical condition for practice, or to
compare local test results with a state or
national norm”. In the descriptive-normative
surveys, the results/findings of the study
should be compared with the norm
15. The Real Estate In Hongkong
This study utilized the descriptive method of research. As widely accepted,
the descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study that involves
adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. Descriptive research
describes a certain present condition. Relatively, the method is appropriate to
this study since it aims to describe the present condition of technical analysis
as it is used in the stock market. The technique that was used under
descriptive method is the normative survey approach and evaluation, which
is commonly used to explore opinions according to respondents that can
represent a whole population. The survey is appropriate in this study
because it enables the researcher in formulation of generalizations.
Specifically, two types of direct-data survey are included in this study. These
are questionnaire survey and interviews.Interviews with researchers, venture
capital practitioners, and other colleagues in the academy were conducted to
provide further insight about the results of the survey. The direct-data type of
survey is a reliable source of first-hand information because the researcher
directly interacts with the participants. The questionnaire survey respondents
were given ample time to assess the challenges facing the real estate in
HK. Their own experiences with real estate in practice are necessary in
identifying its strengths and limitations.
16. Ethnicity, Religion and Language in the
Philippines. Unsurprisingly for a country that
is made up of many islands, the Philippines
contains a diverse range of ethnic groups. The
latest data available comes from the 2000
census, which reported the following breakdown:
Tagalog, 28.1%
Cebuano, 13.1%
Ilocano, 9%
Bisaya, 7.6%
Hiligaynon, 7.5%
Bikol, 6%
Waray, 3.4%
Other, 25.3%
http://worldpopulationreview.com/
countries/the-philippines-
population/
17. • This is used to describe objectively, systematically and
quantitatively the content of documents found in
business records, minutes of meetings, speeches,
newspapers, journals or magazines. It is otherwise
known as documentary analysis. An example of a
research study that could use this type is “The Attitude
of Police Officers Toward Teenage Drug Users in the
City of Chicago, 2003-2004”. In this particular study
instead of using interview as an instrument to gather
data on the topic, an objective, systematic and
quantitative analysis of news and articles in news
papers, journals, magazines covering a period of time
as indicated in the research title may be done.
18. STAGE UN-ASPA Stage Description
Specific Characteristics
Features to Look for
Stage One Emerging Web Presence Telephone Numbers
• Sites serve as a public
information source Postal Address
• Static information on the
government is Email Address
provided Services Offered
• FAQs may be found
Mandate, Organizational
Structure,
• Contact information is provided FAQs, Related RAs
Stage Two Enhanced Web Presence
Updated in the past 1.5
months
• Access to specific information
that is
Forms are available (html,
word,
regularly updated sometimes zip, pdf)
• A central government homepage
may act Search function / Site Map
as a portal to other department
sites
Message Board / Feedback
Form
• Useful documents may be
downloaded or
Newsletters or Publications
/ Purchase
ordered online Information
• Search features, e-mail and areas
for
comments are accessible
Stage Three Interactive Web Presence
Downloadable Forms (pdf,
zip)
• A National government website
frequently Specialized Databases
acts as a portal On-Line Forms Submission
• Users can search specialized
databases
Interactive Elements e.g.
Chatroom /
• Forms can be downloaded and/or Forum / Discussion Board
submitted online
User Log-in and Password
(internal use
• Secure sites and passwords begin
to or public)
emerge
UN-ASPA Five Stages of E-Government
Digital Philippines Foundation, Inc. - http://www.digitalphilippines.org)
Emerging Enhanced Interactive Transactional Seamless
20. STAGE UN-ASPA Stage Description
Specific Characteristics
Features to Look for
Stage One Emerging Web Presence Telephone Numbers
• Sites serve as a public
information source Postal Address
• Static information on the
government is Email Address
provided Services Offered
• FAQs may be found
Mandate, Organizational
Structure,
• Contact information is provided FAQs, Related RAs
Stage Two Enhanced Web Presence
Updated in the past 1.5
months
• Access to specific information
that is
Forms are available (html,
word,
regularly updated sometimes zip, pdf)
• A central government homepage
may act Search function / Site Map
as a portal to other department
sites
Message Board / Feedback
Form
• Useful documents may be
downloaded or
Newsletters or Publications
/ Purchase
ordered online Information
• Search features, e-mail and areas
for
comments are accessible
Stage Three Interactive Web Presence
Downloadable Forms (pdf,
zip)
• A National government website
frequently Specialized Databases
acts as a portal On-Line Forms Submission
• Users can search specialized
databases
Interactive Elements e.g.
Chatroom /
• Forms can be downloaded and/or Forum / Discussion Board
submitted online
User Log-in and Password
(internal use
• Secure sites and passwords begin
to or public)
emerge
Mckee and Robertson (1975) define case study as a
comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular
individual, group or situation in a given period of time. In
using this type of descriptive method, the researcher should
always practice fairness and objectivity in analyzing and
presenting the findings of the study. He/She should act as an
observer-participant of the case on hand. He/She also
observes actions and records the significant events based on
his/her own observations. An example of this study is “A Case
Study of Casual Employment in the Philippine Government:
the Ministry of Public Works and Highways” (Teodosio, 1979).
This is used when an extensively
thorough and comprehensive study of a
particular individual, group or institution or
situation is involved over a period of time. It
is a comprehensive study of a person, group
or community (Young, 1966).
21. Introducing participatory planning practices with
local governments: A Philippines case study,
Demetrio Imperial Jr., Philippines
The bottom-up, dialogue-oriented approach of PP has opened new
possibilities and perspectives for the very people and institutions
involved in going through this development process. This applies
both to the MPTFs and the VPTs and other concerned residents
who can be considered as the 'insiders' (those who are the main
actors and managers of local government development) in their
own respective barangays. They have started to produce results
but the more serious concern now is how to sustain their interest
and commitment to the work and make functional and beneficial to
the barangays and the municipality the PP process. Added to this
the MPTF, whose staff were drawn from various LGU departments
and line agencies, have started to realize the value of teamwork
and collaboration, which is often just taken for granted as they
become engrossed in their daily routine.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac158e/ac1
58e0f.htm
22. Introducing participatory planning
practices with local governments: A
Philippines case study, Demetrio Imperial
Jr., Philippines
To date, the PRISP-PP approach
has been proven to work in the
pilot municipalities and villages of
Nueva Ecija. There is a need to
reiterate that the primary concern
for those who were and will still be
involved is how to continuously
invigorate their efforts. The
challenge remains the same:
meaningful people's participation
in development planning and its
sustainability
As a new breed of planners, they have
learned to integrate with one another and
the people in the villages. Remarkably,
this was done through a systematic yet
flexible manner which is a pre-requisite in
achieving convergence of program
interventions and resources that go with
process all the above elements are
indispensable in the pursuit of
participatory development planning
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac158e/ac1
58e0f.htm
23. Decentralizing government in the
Philippines, Roel Ravanera, Philippines
Shift from national to local
Shift from state to private
(business) sector
Shift from state to civil society
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac158e/ac158e0f.htm
24. Decentralizing government in the
Philippines, Roel Ravanera, Philippines
The decentralization processes are of three major types:
Shift from national to local aims to "bring the government closer to the people"
involving deconcentration and devolution. Deconcentration or administrative or sectoral
decentralization involves central government transfers of power, authority and
responsibility or discretion to plan, decide, manage to lower or local levels that are
within the central or national government itself. Devolution, or political decentralization,
involves the transfer of power and authority from the national government to Local
Government Units (LGUs), defined in the 1987 Constitution as the territorial and political
subdivisions of the state. In this context, devolution is inherently tied to the concept of
local autonomy.
Shift from state to private (business) sector, where state assets, programmes and
services are contracted to private corporations.
Shift from state to civil society, by which civil society participates directly in government
programmes and systems of governance, characterized by 1) the focus on self-organized
sectors of civil-society (e.g. NGOs, POs, professional associations, academia, etc.) and 2)
instituting participatory mechanisms going beyond elections and similar traditional
norms. The intention here is to address issues of equity for disadvantaged sectors and to
increase direct participation in governance. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac158e/ac1
58e0f.htm
25. This descriptive method is used to find the viability
of a proposed undertaking on the establishment of
either a certain institution, an infrastructure or a
business venture. This study involves an extensive
and systematic analysis of all factors affecting the
possibility of success of a proposed project
(Development Academy of the Philippines, 1978).
An example is “The Establishment of a Marine
Biological Station for the University of the East: A
Proposal” (Rivera, 1980).
26. Technological Innovation in Urdaneta
City University
www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/technol
Sep 03, 2012 · A Masteral Thesis in
MPA Urdaneta City
Enrolment System of the Urdaneta
City University (UCU
29. Experimental Method can be used inside and
outside laboratory conditions. It is the most prestigious
method of advancing scientific knowledge (Travers,
1978).
This method is defined by Kerlingen as a “design
which is used for variation concomitant for the
manipulation of independent variables”. It is a
technique of discovering information through
experimentation (Chaplin, 1978). It is a procedure
involving a manipulation or control of conditions for
the purpose of studying the relative effects of various
treatments applied to members of a sample or of the
same treatment to members of different samples
(Good, 1976).
30. Experimental method describes and
analyzes variables under controlled
conditions for purposes of arriving into a
conclusion. It is specifically made up of
manipulating experimental variables
under highly controlled conditions to
determine how and why a particular
event occurs (Manuel et al, 1980).
31. • The variables mentioned are referred to
anything or any process or condition that may
change or may be qualitatively or
quantitatively changed from one condition to
another like weight, IQ, age, capacity, height,
teaching methods, language, time, etc. A
dependent variable is anything or any of the
observed.
• An independent variable is anything or any
condition manipulated or controlled by the
researcher which is applied and observed or
assessed as determinants of behaviour.
32. • The experimental method usually uses two
groups of subjects. One is identified as the
experimental group whose members are
subjected to the experimental process while
the other, the control group, has members
who are not subjected to any experiment, but
they have some qualities that are otherwise
similar to the experimental group in all
significant aspects.
33. Ebola outbreak: Is it time to test
experimental vaccines?
By Meera Senthilingam, for CNN
August 22, 2014 -- Updated 1948 GMT (0348 HKT)
34. Hawthorne Studies Experiments
Post : Gaurav Akrani Date : 4/21/2011 09:41:00 PM IST
Part I - Illumination Experiments (1924-27)
These experiments were performed to find out
the effect of different levels of illumination
(lighting) on productivity of labour. The
brightness of the light was increased and
decreased to find out the effect on the
productivity of the test group. Surprisingly, the
productivity increased even when the level of
illumination was decreased. It was concluded
that factors other than light were also
important.
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/hawthorne-
studies-experiments-4-parts.html
35. Under these test two small groups of six female
telephone relay assemblers were selected. Each group
was kept in separate rooms. From time to time,
changes were made in working hours, rest periods,
lunch breaks, etc. They were allowed to choose their
own rest periods and to give suggestions. Output
increased in both the control rooms. It was concluded
that social relationship among workers, participation in
decision making, etc. had a greater effect on
productivity than working conditions.
Part II - Relay Assembly Test Room
Study (1927-1929)
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/hawthorne-
studies-experiments-4-parts.html
36. 21,000 employees were interviewed
over a period of three years to find out
reasons for increased productivity. It
was concluded that productivity can be
increased if workers are allowed to talk
freely about matters that are important
to them
Part III - Mass Interviewing
Programme (1928-1930)
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/hawthorne-
studies-experiments-4-parts.html
37. A group of 14 male workers in the bank wiring room
were placed under observation for six months. A
worker's pay depended on the performance of the
group as a whole. The researchers thought that the
efficient workers would put pressure on the less
efficient workers to complete the work. However, it
was found that the group established its own
standards of output, and social pressure was used
to achieve the standards of output.
Part IV - Bank Wiring Observation
Room Experiment (1932)
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/hawthorne-
studies-experiments-4-parts.html
38.
39. Historical Method is a useful design which involves a critical
writing of past experiences, events, and developments in
order to provide helpful information and direction for
present and future action. Kerlingen (1986) defines
Historical Research as a critical investigation of past
events, experiences, and developments and the
meticulous examination of evidence of the validity of
sources of past information and interpretation of
weighted evidences. Knowing the past will enable us to
understand ourselves as people. We also learn to
appreciate the things we have done in the past which
contribute to what we enjoy or suffer today. This also
enables us to learn from the mistakes of the past and
assist us to avoid them not only in the present but also in
the future.
40. • This method will shed light on the issues under
study which will eventually lead to the discovery of
the truth and enrichment of knowledge.
• Historical embraces various fields of human
endeavour namely, science, technology, education,
economics, engineering, medicine, psychology,
sociology, including art, literature, culture and
sports. It aims for critical search for truth in any
specific area by taking into consideration the actual
events without distortion and exaggeration of facts.
41. Historical Source
• Good and Gates (1972) give two (2) basic sources of
historical data, namely: (1) documents which are reports of
events made up of impressions in the past that have been
consciously recorded with the purpose of transmitting
information, and (2) remains or relics which are physical
objects or written materials of historical value and
produced without the purpose of deliberately
• It is recommended that researchers use the primary
sources which are the original repository of historical
information such as authentic and official records of
personal data, photographs, writings, painting, sculptural
pieces, slides, relics, minutes of meetings, records of
speeches, interviews, and proceedings of conferences. The
secondary source refers to information given by a person
who is not a direct participant in the event.
42. The investigator however, should subject these
sources of information into external and internal
criticisms. Kerlingen (1986) identified internal
criticisms as textual evaluation focused on
checking the meaning and accuracy of the
content of the documents that present historical
facts. It weighs the testimony of the documents
in relation to the truth. External criticisms, on the
other hand, involve a critical examination of the
veracity, validity and genuineness or authenticity
of the source of materials as compared to the
original.
43. Reason and Postmodernity: The Historical
and Social Context of Public Administration
Research and Theory
Jay D. White and Guy B. Adams
Administrative Theory & Praxis
Vol. 17, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1-18
Published by ME Sharpe, Inc.
Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25611102
« Previous Item
44. Computer: A History of the Information
Machine
Martin Campbell-Kelly; William Aspray.
Westview Press, 2014 (3rd edition)
Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic
Story of the Consumer Electronics and
Computer Industries
Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
Harvard University Press, 2005
45. Rivera, Jr M and Rivera Roela Victoria
Practical Guide to Thesis and Dissertation
Katha Publishing Inc. Quezon City,
Philippines (2007)
Jennifer Villanueva Types of Descriptive
Research
http://www.slideshare.net/jeanniferbvillanuev
a/types-of-descriptive-research (2013)
