1. Chinese marriage
Traditional Chinese marriage (Chinese: 婚姻; pinyin: hūnyīn) is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese
societies that involve a marriage established by pre-arrangement between families. Within Chinese
culture, romantic love was allowed, and monogamy was the norm for most ordinary citizens.
In Confucian thought, marriage is of grave significance both to families and to society as well as being
important for the cultivation of virtue. Traditionally incest has been defined as marriage between
people with the same surname. From the perspective of a Confucian family, marriage brings together
families of different surnames and so continues the family line of the paternal clan.
This is generally why having a boy is more preferred than a girl when giving birth. Therefore, the
benefits and demerits of any marriage are important to the entire family, not just the individual couples.
Socially, the married couple is thought to be the basic unit of society.
In Chinese history there have been many times when marriages have affected the country’s political
stability and international relations. From the Han Dynasty onward, the rulers of certain powerful
foreign tribes such as the Mongolians, the Manchus, the Xiongnu, and the Turks demanded women
from the Imperial family. Many periods of Chinese history were dominated by the families of the wife
or mother of the ruling Emperor.
Marriages in early societies
In traditional Chinese thinking, people in "primitive" societies did not marry, but had sexual
relationships with one another indiscriminately[citation needed]. Such people were thought to live like
animals, and they did not have the precise concept of motherhood, fatherhood, sibling, husband and
wife, and gender, not to mention match-making and marriage ceremony. Part of the Confucian
"civilizing mission" was to define what it meant to be a Father or a Husband, and to teach people to
respect the proper relationship between family members and regulate sexual behavior
Traditional marriage rituals
For more details on this topic, see Chinese pre-wedding customs.
A modern wedding held in a Ming Dynasty format
Chinese marriage became a custom between 402 and 221 BC. Despite China's long history and many
different geographical areas, there are essentially six rituals, generally known as the three letters and
six etiquettes (三書六禮). Unfortunately for some traditional families, the wife's mother cannot go to
her son-in-law's family until one year (according to the Chinese lunar calendar or Chinese Lunar New
Year) after the wedding has elapsed. However, during this one year the daughter can go back at

2. anytime.
Six etiquettes
Proposal: When an unmarried boy's parents found a potential daughter-in-law, they then located a
matchmaker whose job was to assuage the conflict of interests and general embarrassments when
discussing the possibility of marriage on the part of two families largely unknown to each other.
Birthdates: If the selected girl and her parents did not object to the proposal, the matchmaker would
match the birthdates (Chinese: 秊庚八字; pinyin: niángēng bāzì; literally: "the 8 cyclic characters for
year, month, day and hour of birth of a man, which determine his fate") in which suanming (Chinese
fortune telling) is used to predict the future of that couple-to-be. If the result of Suan Ming was good,
they then would go to the next step, submitting bride price.
Bride price (Betrothal gifts): At this point the bridegroom's family arranged for the matchmaker to
present bride price (betrothal gifts), including the betrothal letter, to the bride's family.
Wedding gifts: The groom's family would then send an elaborate array of food, cakes, and religious
items to the bride's family.
Arranging the wedding: Before wedding ceremony, two families would arrange a wedding day
according to Chinese tung shing. Selecting an auspicious day to assure a good future for the couple is
as important as avoiding what is believed to be an unlucky day. In some cases there may be no
auspicious dates and the couple will have to review their potential date range.
Wedding Ceremony: The final ritual would be the actual wedding ceremony where bride and groom
become a married couple, which consists of many elaborate parts:
Wedding Procession: The wedding procession from the bride's home to the groom's home consists
of a traditional band, the bride's sedan, the maids of honor's sedans (if there are maids of honor), and
bride's dowry in the forms other than money.
Welcoming the Bride: The wedding procession of the bride's family stops at the door of the
groom's home. There are ceremonies to be followed to welcome the bride and her wedding procession
into the groom's home, which varies from locale to locale.
Actual Wedding Ceremonies: Equivalent to exchanging vows in the west, the couple would pay
respect to the Jade Emperor, the family deities (or buddhas and bodhisattvas), paying respect to
deceased ancestors, the bride and groom's parents and other elders, and paying respect to each other.
The Wedding Banquets In Chinese society, the wedding banquet is known as xǐ-jǐu (喜酒, lit.
joyful wine), and is sometimes far more important than the actual wedding itself. There are ceremonies
such as bride presenting wines or tea to parents, spouse, and guests. In modern weddings, the bride
generally picks red (following Chinese tradition) or white (more Western) for the wedding, but most
will wear the red traditional garment for their formal wedding banquets. Traditionally, the groom is
responsible for the cost of the wedding invitation sweet treats (often pastries), the banquet invitations,
and the wedding itself. Wedding banquets are elaborate and consist usually of 5-10 courses, with
ingredients such as shark's fin, abalone, lobster, squab, sea cucumber, swift nests, fish roe in soup or as

3. decoration on top of a dish to symbolize fertility, and local delicacies. Traditionally, the father of the
bride is responsible for the wedding banquet hosted on the bride's side and the alcohol consumed
during both banquets. The wedding banquets are two separate banquets: the primary banquet is hosted
once at the bride's side, the second banquet (smaller banquet) at the groom's side. While the wedding
itself is often based on the couple's choices, the wedding banquets are a gesture of "thanks" and
appreciation, to those that have raised the bride and groom (such as grandparents and uncles). It is also
to ensure the relatives on each side meet the relatives on the other side. Thus out of respect for the
elders, wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally, which the older generation is
thought to be more comfortable with.
Before modern times, women were not allowed to choose the person they married. Instead, the family
of the bride picked the prospective husband. Marriages were chosen based upon the needs of
reproduction and honor, as well as the need of the father and husband.
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