3. Civil Liberties

6. Early Interpretation of the Bill of Rights Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

8. Incorporation of the 14 th Amendment Incorporation The process through which the Supreme Court examines individual provisions of the Bill of Rights and applies them against state and local officials

13. 1 st Amendment Rights The First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

15. 1 st Amendment Rights: Freedom of Speech Free speech laws must balance individual liberties and societal interests

18. 1 st Amendment Rights: Freedom of Speech Symbolic Speech When people take an action designed to communicate an idea

27. Broward, huh?

30. Media Freedom

34. Religion

59. Civil Rights

71. The Ideal of Equality Categorical discrimination Exclusion, by reason of race, gender, or disability, from public education, employment, housing and public accommodations

74. African-Americans and Civil Rights De Jure Segregation Segregation and discrimination mandated by state and local laws De Facto Segregation Segregation and discrimination enforced through informal and semi-formal norms and practices

75. Affirmative Action Affirmative Action Remedial preferences provided to people in university admissions, employment, and government contracts Affirmative Action is called reverse discrimination by opponents

78. Affirmative Action 49 percent of white respondents think that affirmative action has gone too far, while 79 percent of minority respondents think that it is still needed.

79. Affirmative Racial Gerrymandering Following the 1990 census, the Department of Justice pressed southern legislatures to draw as many districts as possible in which minorities would constitute a majority of the electorate Affirmative Racial Gerrymandering in North Carolina