14. Environmental Impacts Use of Bark as Fuel Control Runoff at Transfer Points Control of Particulate Matter (PM) and Visible Emissions (VE) Debarking Housekeeping Monitor Emissions Heavy Equipment Control of runoff Control of Particulate Matter (PM) and Visible Emissions (VE) Bark Storage Control of runoff Control of Particulate Matter (PM) and Visible Emissions (VE) Chip Storage Disposal of Defective Chips as Fuel Control Runoff at Transfer Points Control of Particulate Matter (PM) and Visible Emissions (VE) Chipping Disposal of Defective Logs Control of runoff Dust Control Log Storage Hazardous Waste Disposal of Defective Logs Control of runoff Dust Control Log Handling Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
15.
16.
17. Log Flume Log Flume Chipping and Debarking Operations
23. Kraft Pulping Pulp Chips Digester White Liquor Weak Black Liquor Pulp Blow Tanks Brown Stock Washers Pulp Shower Water Black Liquor Black Liquor Black Liquor Weak Black Liquor Storage To Evaporators
24. Sulfite Pulping Pulp Chips Digesters Cooking Acid Pulp Blow Pits Red Stock Washers Pulp Shower Water Liquor Liquor Black Liquor Liquor Storage To Evaporators
25. Typical Pulp Washing Hot Stock Refining Blow Tank 1 st Stage Filtrate 2 nd Stage Filtrate 3 rd Stage Filtrate 3 rd Stage Washer 2 nd Stage Washer 1 st Stage Washer Water Pulp Pulp Shower Water Shower Water Pulp w/ Black Liquor Filtrate 12-14% Filtrate xx% Filtrate xx%
26. Environmental Impacts Collection and Control of Pulping Liquor (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and Control of Vent Gases (HVLC) Liquor Storage Collection and Control of Pulping Liquor (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and Control of Vent Gases (HVLC) Brown Stock Washers Collection and Control of Pulping Liquor (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and Control of Vent Gases (LVHC) Blow Tanks Hazardous Waste Collection and Control of Pulping Liquor (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and Control of Vent Gases (LVHC) Digesters Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
38. Bleaching Stages Hypochlorite is a true bleaching agent by destroying certain chromophoric groups of lignin. Hypochlorite is used in limited bleaching applications where high pulp yield is critical. Since Hypochlorite attacks the lignin vigorously, some cellulose is also attacked in the process. Hypochlorite (H) Alkali or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is effective at solubilizing degraded lignin products. Oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or both are often added to the caustic solution to enhance the removal of organic waste. Extraction (E, E O , E P , E OP ) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a highly selective chemical that can both de-lignify and brighten pulp. It oxidizes lignin, but does not add chlorine atoms onto lignin fragments; however, small amounts of elemental chlorine and other chlorine compounds formed during the chlorine dioxide bleaching process react with degraded lignin to form chlorinated organic compounds. Chlorine Dioxide (D) Elemental chlorine (Cl2) is an effective de-lignifying agent. As it breaks lignin bonds, it adds chlorine atoms to the lignin degradation products, thus producing significant amounts of chlorinated organic material. Elemental Chlorine (C) Description Stage (Symbol)
39. Bleaching Stages (cont.) Ozone (O 3 ) is also an effective delignifying agent. It also brightens the pulp as well. Ozone has not been used in the past because mills have not been able to improve its selectivity - ozone attacks the cellulose fiber as well as the lignin. Recent technological developments, however, have solved this problem and have allowed mills to take advantage of this cost-effective bleaching agent. Ozone (Z) Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is mainly used to brighten pulps in the final bleaching stages. Peroxide is often used at the end of a conventional bleaching sequence to prevent the pulp from losing brightness over time. Researchers have found operating conditions under which peroxide will delignify pulp, and are working on technologies that will consume less. Hydrogen Peroxide (P) Oxygen (O 2 ) is an inexpensive, highly effective delignifying agent that is usually used at the beginning of the bleaching process. It has intermediate selectivity. Oxygen (O) Description Stage (Symbol)
45. Environmental Impacts Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection of vent gases for regulated stages (MACT) ClO 2 Production Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection of vent gases for regulated stages (MACT) Filtrate Tanks Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection of vent gases for regulated stages (MACT) Washers Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection of vent gases for regulated stages (MACT) Towers Hazardous Waste Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection of vent gases for regulated stages (MACT) Mixers Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
50. Fourdrinier Paper Machine Spreads Pulp Stock onto Wire Table 3% Solids 7% Solids 40% -50% of Pulp Stock is Solids 95% of Pulp Stock is Solids Smoothes Surface of Paper Collects Paper Product
51. Environmental Impacts Rewinder Broke and Coating Residue Disposal Defective Paper Wastepaper Disposal Collection and Control of Vent Gases Drying Broke and Coating Residue Disposal Defective Paper Wastepaper Disposal Collection and Control of Vent Gases Pressing Broke and Coating Residue Disposal Prevention of Leaks and Spills Head box Hazardous Waste Disposal of Defective Stock Prevention of Leaks and Spills Collection of Volatile Gases Stock Preparation Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
62. Environmental Impacts Prevention of organic gas leaks NCG System Prevention of leaks and spills of condensate Prevention of leaks of Hotwell gases Hotwell Prevention of leaks and spills of condensate Prevention of air leaks Evaporator Effects Hazardous Waste Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Prevention of volatile organic compound leaks and spills Weak Liquor Storage Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
68. Kraft Recovery Boiler NCDE Recovery Boiler ESP Saltcake Mix Tank Drying Reducing Oxidizing Flue Gas Black Liquor Feed Recycle To Stack Chemical Make-up HB Liquor Smelt Bed To Smelt Dissolving Tank 3 o Air 2 o Air 1 o Air
69. Environmental Impacts Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Release of particulate matter Smelt Dissolving Tank Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Multiple regulations requiring ESP Recovery Boiler Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Prevention of leaks and spills of volatile components in black liquor Saltcake Mix Tank Hazardous Waste Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Prevention of leaks and spills of any volatile compounds Heavy Liquor Storage Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
74. Typical Causticizing Operation White Liquor Clarifier Green Liquor Clarifier Slaker Causticizer From Recovery Area Dregs Washer Weak Wash Storage Lime Mud Filter Lime Mud Washer Lime Kiln Lime Silo To Digester Make Up Water NCG Collection
75. Environmental Impacts Not applicable unless the materials fail paint filter test and have a pH >12.5 Good housekeeping and spill control practices Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Multiple regulations requiring ESP and/or scrubber Lime Kiln Not applicable unless the materials fail paint filter test and have a pH >12.5 Excess lime mud may be landfilled. Good housekeeping and spill control practices Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Typically no controls Mud Filter Not applicable unless the materials fail paint filter test and have a pH >12.5 Good housekeeping and spill control practices Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Typically no controls Causticizer Not applicable unless the materials fail paint filter test and have a pH >12.5 Grits are landfilled after washing and elementary neutralization Good housekeeping and spill control practices Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Typically controlled by scrubber or spray Slaker Not applicable unless the materials fail paint filter test and have a pH >12.5 Hazardous Waste Dregs are landfilled after elementary neutralization Good housekeeping and spill control practices Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Typically no controls GL/WL Clarifiers Dregs Washer Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
76.
77.
78.
79. Lime Kiln Lime Kiln Tube Washing and Causticizing Operations
80. Lime Kiln Lime Kiln Tube Motor and Drive Units Fire Hood
82. Power and Steam Generation Boilers Steam Condensate from mill High Pressure Steam Turbines Electrical Power Low Pressure Steam Kraft Mill Processes
83. Environmental Impacts Solids in steam water carried to turbines Potential release of oils to receiving waters Turbine Generators Solids in steam water carried to turbines Potential release of oils to receiving waters Control of Carbon Monoxide production Combustion Turbine Disposal of Boiler chemicals and fuels Disposal of bottom and fly ash – landfilled Control of non-contact cooling water, scrubber and boiler blowdown Potential release of oils to receiving waters Control of Particulate Matter Emissions Power Boiler Disposal of Boiler chemicals and fuels Hazardous Waste Disposal of bottom and fly ash – landfilled Control of non-contact cooling water, scrubber and boiler blowdown Potential release of oils to receiving waters Control of Particulate Matter Emissions Combination Boiler Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
90. Typical Turpentine Recovery (Kraft) Decanter Cyclone Separator Digester Storage Condenser Relief To HVLC System Turpentine To Condensate Collection To Condensate Collection Truck or Rail Car Loading Black Liquor Black Liquor Secondary Containment
92. Environmental Impacts Spills are very toxic to WWT system Secondary containment required Collection and Control of Vent Gases (LVLC) Turpentine Storage Spills are very toxic to WWT system Secondary containment required Collection and Control of Vent Gases (LVHC) Turpentine recovery Hazardous Waste Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
93.
94.
95.
96. Typical Tall Oil Recovery (Kraft) Reactor Sulfuric Acid Black Liquor Soap Tall Oil Brine Tall Oil Storage Decanter or Centrifuge Secondary Containment To Recovery Boiler Truck or Rail Car Loading
98. Environmental Impacts Spills are very toxic to WWT system Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Tall Oil Storage Spills are very toxic to WWT system Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and control in tall oil plant scrubber Acidulation Spills to process sewers cause release of TRS Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Acid Storage Hazardous Waste Spills are very toxic to WWT system Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and Control of Vent Gases (HVLC) Soap Storage Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
104. Environmental Impacts Ash emissions into wastewater system Ash emissions into stormwater system Uncontrolled emissions of ash NCG Incineration Untreated or untested sludge applied to land Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Contamination of stormwater system by run-off Uncontrolled hazardous sludge Land Application Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and control of pulping condensate Condensate Treatment Untreated or untested sludge landfilled Excessive buildup of solid residuals Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Contamination of stormwater system by run-off Odorous emissions Landfill Operations Uncontrolled sludge spills and leaks Hazardous Waste Collection of entering solid residuals Prevention of leaks and spills into effluent system (BMP) Prevention of leaks and spills into stormwater system (SWP 3 ) Collection and control of emitted gases Wastewater Treatment Solid Waste Wastewater Stormwater Air Activity
126. Venturi Scrubbers Cyclonic Separator Contaminated Gas Inlet Scrubbing Liquid Clean Gas Outlet to Atmosphere Body Gas and Liquid start mixing Venturi Max Liquid and Gas Contact Concentrated Liquid for Disposal or Recycle To WWT Facility Elbow Tank
127. Venturi Scrubbers Back Body and Venturi Sections Cyclonic Separator Contaminated Gas Inlet
128.
129. Packed Bed Scrubbers Packed Bed Contaminated Gas Inlet Concentrated Liquid for Disposal or Recycle Scrubbing Liquid Clean Gas Outlet to Atmosphere
130. Packed Bed Scrubbers Back Inlet Gas from Operations Packed Bed Column Exhaust to Atmosphere
146. LVHC (NCG) Collection Systems Digester Wood White Liquor Turpentine Recovery System Washer System Part of HVLC System Pulp Weak Black Liquor Blow Heat Accumulator Blow Tank Multiple Effect Evaporators Pulp Liquor Pulp Liquor Back LVHC Collection
147.
148. HVLC (NCG) Collection Systems Pulp Washing System Knotter System Pulp Liquor from Blow Tanks Storage Tank Weak Black Liquor Screening System Decker To Multiple Effect Evaporators Oxygen Delignification System Washer Back HVLC Collection HVLC Collection HVLC Collection
![Goals for Training ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)