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CHAPTER 12


Decision Making
      and
  Reasoning
REPORTED BY


Elyza Mae Buenavista
    Elme Villalva
Actions


Conditi
ons

Outcom
es
Subjective Utility
• based on the individual’s judged weightings
  of utility, rather than on objective criteria


Subjective Probability
• – based on the individual’s estimates of
  likelihood, rather than on objective
  statistical computations
Satisficing
- We do not consider all possible
 options   and   then   carefully
 compute which of the entire
 universe    of   options    will
 maximize our gains and minimize
 our losses rather, we consider
 options one by one, and then we
 select an option as soon as we
 find one that is satisfactory or
 just good enough to meet our
Elimination By
     Aspects
- offers a behavioral
explanation of the
choice process that
accounts for both the
process of choice set
formation (definition
of consideration sets)
HEURISTICS
   AND
  BIASES
Representative
     ness
Availability
Anchoring-and-
  Adjustment
   Heuristics
• in the major premise forms the
Major      predicate of the conclusion
Term

         • in the minor premise forms the
Minor      subject of the conclusion
Term


Middle   • the categorical term
Term
Linear Syllogism
Involves a quantitative comparison in
which each term displays either more or
less of a particular attribute or
quality, and the reasoner must draw
conclusions based on the quantification.

Example:
   “John is taller than Bill, and Bill is
   taller than Pete. Who is the tallest?”
Categorical Syllogism
Comprise two premise and a conclusion.
The premise states something about the
category membership of the terms.

Example:
Major Premise: All mammals are warm-
blooded.
Minor Premise: All black dogs are
mammals.
Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are
warm-blooded
Further aids and Obstacles
  to Deductive Reasoning
Overextension   • We overextend the use of strategies
                  that work in some syllogisms in which
   Errors         the strategies fail us.


Foreclosure     • Failure to consider all the possibilities
   Effects        before reaching a conclusion.


Confirmation    • We seek confirmation rather than
                  disconfirmation of what we really
    Bias          believe.
Inductive Reasoning
An Alternative View of
        Reasoning
Steven Sloman suggested that
people have two distinct systems of
reasoning:
     Associative System – sensitive to
     observed similarities and temporal
     contiguities
     Rule-based System – involves
     manipulations based on relations
     among symbols
Cognitive psych chapter 12

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Cognitive psych chapter 12

  • 2. REPORTED BY Elyza Mae Buenavista Elme Villalva
  • 3.
  • 5.
  • 6. Subjective Utility • based on the individual’s judged weightings of utility, rather than on objective criteria Subjective Probability • – based on the individual’s estimates of likelihood, rather than on objective statistical computations
  • 7. Satisficing - We do not consider all possible options and then carefully compute which of the entire universe of options will maximize our gains and minimize our losses rather, we consider options one by one, and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is satisfactory or just good enough to meet our
  • 8. Elimination By Aspects - offers a behavioral explanation of the choice process that accounts for both the process of choice set formation (definition of consideration sets)
  • 9. HEURISTICS AND BIASES
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 15.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. • in the major premise forms the Major predicate of the conclusion Term • in the minor premise forms the Minor subject of the conclusion Term Middle • the categorical term Term
  • 25.
  • 26. Linear Syllogism Involves a quantitative comparison in which each term displays either more or less of a particular attribute or quality, and the reasoner must draw conclusions based on the quantification. Example: “John is taller than Bill, and Bill is taller than Pete. Who is the tallest?”
  • 27. Categorical Syllogism Comprise two premise and a conclusion. The premise states something about the category membership of the terms. Example: Major Premise: All mammals are warm- blooded. Minor Premise: All black dogs are mammals. Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded
  • 28. Further aids and Obstacles to Deductive Reasoning Overextension • We overextend the use of strategies that work in some syllogisms in which Errors the strategies fail us. Foreclosure • Failure to consider all the possibilities Effects before reaching a conclusion. Confirmation • We seek confirmation rather than disconfirmation of what we really Bias believe.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. An Alternative View of Reasoning Steven Sloman suggested that people have two distinct systems of reasoning:  Associative System – sensitive to observed similarities and temporal contiguities  Rule-based System – involves manipulations based on relations among symbols