The document provides an overview of the Constitution of the United States. It discusses that the Constitution establishes the mission, foundational structures, and essential processes of the national government. This includes separating powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches with integrated checks and balances. It also establishes the federal system and processes for selecting officials and amending the Constitution.

1. Chapter 2: The Constitution of
the United States of America
A More Perfect Union 1/e

2. The Constitution
• What Is a Constitution?
– Mission description
– Foundational structures
– Essential processes
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. The Constitution
• The Constitution of the United States
– Mission of the Constitution
• By and for the people
• Democratic
• Protection of liberties, property, citizen participation
• Establish the rule of law
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. The Constitution
• The Constitution of the United States (continued)
– Key Foundational Structures: Separation of
Powers with Integrated Checks and Balances
• Article I: The Legislative Branch
• Article II: The Executive Branch
• Article III: The Judicial Branch
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

6. The Constitution
• The Constitution of the United States (continued)
– Another Key Structure: The Federal System
– Essential Processes of the National
Government
• Selection of National Government Officials
• Article V: The Amendment Process
• Article VII: The Constitutional Ratification Process
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

7. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

8. The Constitution
• The Creation of the United States
– Colonization and Governance of America
– British Policy Incites a Rebellion
• A “Massacre” and a Tea Party
• The Continental Congress and Colonial Demands
– The Common Sense of Declaring
Independence
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

9. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. The Constitution
• The Creation of the United States (continued)
– The State Constitutions
– The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
• Structure and Authority of the Confederation
• Weaknesses of the Confederation
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

11. The Constitution
• Crafting the Constitution: Compromise,
Ratification, and Quick Amendment
– Conflict and Compromise over Representative
Democracy
• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans and the
Connecticut Compromise
• The Constitution’s checks on representative
democracy
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

12. The Constitution
• Crafting the Constitution: Compromise,
Ratification, and Quick Amendment (continued)
– Conflict and Compromise over Slavery
– The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Debate
– The Federalist Papers: In Support of a Strong National
Government
– The Anti-Federalist Response: In Opposition to a Strong
Central Government
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. The Constitution
• The Constitution as a Living, Evolving
Document
– Formal Amendment of the Constitution
– Interpretation by the U.S. Supreme Court
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

14. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

15. Chapter Two
The Structure of Government
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

16. Exhibit 2-1 California Governments
State 1
Counties 58
Cities 478
Redevelopment agencies 408
Special districts 4,763
K-12 school districts 998
Community college 72
districts
Total 6,778
American Indian tribes 95
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

17. Exhibit 2-2
Federal and
Unitary
Governmental
Relationships
Sources: Uncle Sam © Swim Ink 2, LLC/Corbis.
California Flag © Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

18. Which level of government —
federal, state, or local —
should have most responsibility for:
Improving public education?
Reducing crime?
Providing job training?
Assisting the poor?
Improving the health care system?
Protecting the environment?
Strengthening the economy?
Protecting civil rights?
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

19. Exhibit 2-3
California
State
Government
Bureaucracy
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

20. Exhibit 2-4 California Governors Since 1943
Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) 2003-
Gray Davis (D) 1999-2003
Pete Wilson (R) 1991-1999
George Deukemejian (R) 1983-1991
Edmund G. “Jerry” Brown (D) 1975-1983
Ronald Reagan (R) 1967-1975
Edmund G. “Pat” Brown (D) 1959-1967
Goodwin Knight (R) 1953-1959
Earl Warren (R) 1943-1953
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

21. Who’s Who?
California’s Plural Executive
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

22. Exhibit 2-5 California’s Plural Executive
Incumbent (Party)
Office Duties & salary
(elected 2006)
Chief executive officer Arnold
Governor
of the state. $206,500 Schwarzenegger (R) 2,3
Minor duties. Becomes
Lieutenant chief executive if the
John Garamendi (D) 1
Governor governor’s office is
vacated. $154,875
Chief law enforcement
Attorney General officer of the state. Jerry Brown (D) 1
$175,525
Salary as of 2007
1 First term 2 Second term
3 Gov. Schwarzenegger has waived receipt of his salary.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

23. Exhibit 2-5 California’s “Plural Executive”
Incumbent (Party)
Office Duties & salary
(elected 2006)
Secretary of Supervises state
Debra Bowen (D) 1
State elections. $154,875
Supervises receipts and
Controller
disbursements of public John Chiang (D) 1
funds. $165,200
State’s lead asset
Treasurer manager, banker and Bill Lockyer (D) 1
financier. $165,200
Salary as of 2007 1 First term 2 Second term
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

24. Exhibit 2-5 California’s “Plural Executive”
Incumbent (Party)
Office Duties & salary
(elected 2006)
Supervises the
Insurance regulation of the
Steve Poizner (R) 1
Commissioner insurance industry.
$165,200
General oversight of
K-12 schools, teacher
Superintendent of
certification, & Jack T. O’Connell † 2
Public Instruction
student testing.
$175,525
Salary as of 2007
1 First term 2 Second term
† This is a nonpartisan office.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

25. Exhibit 2-5 California’s “Plural Executive”
Incumbent (Party)
Office Duties & salary
(elected 2006)
Assures that county
property tax
Betty T. Yee, 1st (D) 1
2 assessment practices
Bill Leonard, 2nd (R) 2
are equal and uniform
Michelle Steel, 3rd (R) 1
1 throughout the state.
Judy May Chu, 4th (D) 1
3 Also responsible for
4 collecting sales,
The State Controller is
State Board of cigarette, gasoline,
the ex officio fifth
Equalization alcohol beverage, and
member of the Board
other taxes.
$154,875
Salary as of 2007
1 First term 2 Second term
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

26. Assembly Senate Exhibit 2-9
Size 80 members 40 members
California
Term of
office
2 years 4 years Legislature
Term 3 terms 2 terms
(maximum 6 (maximum 8
limit years) years)
Speaker
Presiding Lieutenant
officer of the Governor
Assembly
Salary $113,098 $113,098
In practice, the president pro tempore is the leader and most powerful member of the senate. Elected by all
the
senators at the beginning of each two-year session, the president pro tem chairs the senate Rules Committee and
two-
presides over the senate in the absence of the lieutenant governor.
governor.
Salary as of 2007 (set by the California Citizens Compensation Commission). The speaker of the assembly,
senate president pro tempore, and the minority floor leaders of each house each receive $130,062 per year. The
majority floor leaders of each house and the second-ranking minority leaders each receive $121,580. Each
second-
legislator also receives a daily allowance of $162 while the legislature is in session.
legislature
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

27. Political Makeup of the
California Legislature
Assembly Senate
25 15
Democrats
Republicans
48 32
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

28. Political Makeup of California’s
Congressional Delegation in the
U.S. House of Representatives
34 19
Democrats
Republicans
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

29. California State Assembly
1 Patty Berg 31 Juan Arambula 61 Nell Soto
2 Doug La Malfa 32 Jean Fuller 62 Wilma D. Carter
3 Rick Keene 33 Sam Blakeslee 63 Bill Emmerson
4 Ted Gaines 34 Bill Maze 64 John J. Benoit
5 Roger Niello 35 Pedro Nava 65 Paul J. Cook
6 Jared W. Huffman 36 Sharon Runner 66 Kevin D. Jeffries
7 Noreen Evans 37 Audra Strickland 67 Jim Silva
8 Lois Wolk 38 Cameron Smyth 68 Van Tran
9 Dave Jones 39 Richard Alarcon 69 Jose Solorio
10 Alan Nakanishi 40 Lloyd E. Levine 70 Charles S. DeVore
11 Mark J. DeSaulnier 41 Julia Brownley 71 Todd Spitzer
12 Fiona Ma 42 Mike Feuer 72 Mike Duvall
13 Mark Leno 43 Paul Krekorian 73 Mimi Walters
14 Loni Hancock 44 Anthony Portantino 74 Martin Garrick
15 Guy S. Houston 45 Kevin De Leon 75 George A. Plescia
16 Sandre Swanson 46 Fabian Nuñez (Speaker) 76 Lori Saldaña
17 Cathleen Galgiani 47 Karen Bass 77 Joel Anderson
18 May Hayashi 48 Mike Davis 78 Shirley Horton
19 Gene Mullin 49 Mike Eng 79 Mary Salas
20 Alberto Torrico 50 Hector De La Torre 80 Bonnie Garcia
21 Ira Ruskin 51 Curren D. Price
22 Sally J. Lieber 52 Mervyn M. Dymally
23 Joe Coto 53 Ted Lieu
24 Jim Beall 54 Betty Karnette
25 Tom Berryhill 55 Laura Richardson
26 Greg Aghazarian 56 Tony Mendoza 48 Democrats
27 John Laird 57 Ed Hernandez
28 Anna Marie Caballero 58 Charles M. Calderon 32 Republicans
29 Michael N. Villines 59 Anthony Adams
30 Nicole Parra 60 Bob Huff
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

30. California State Senate
1 Cox, Dave 21 Scott, Jack
2 Wiggins, Patricia "Pat" 22 Cedillo, Gilbert
3 Migden, Carole 23 Kuehl, Sheila
4 Aanestad, Samuel 24 Romero, Gloria (Majority Leader)
5 Machado, Michael 25 Vincent, Edward
6 Steinberg, Darrell S. 26 Ridley-Thomas, Mark
7 Torlakson, Tom 27 Lowenthal, Alan S.
8 Yee, Leland 28 Oropeza, Jenny
9 Perata, Don (President Pro Tempore) 29 Margett, Bob
10 Corbett, Ellen 30 Calderon, Ron
11 Simitian, S. Joseph 31 Dutton, Robert
12 Denham, Jeff 32 McLeod, Gloria Negrete
13 Alquist, Elaine 33 Ackerman, Dick (Minority Leader)
14 Cogdill, Dave 34 Daucher, Lynn
15 Maldonado, Abel 35 Tom Harman
16 Florez, Dean 36 Hollingsworth, Dennis
17 Runner, George C. 37 Battin, James
18 Ashburn, Roy 38 Wyland, Mark 25 Democrats
19 McClintock, Tom 39 Kehoe, Christine 15 Republicans
20 Padilla, Alex 40 Ducheny, Denise Moreno
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

31. California Congressional Delegation
U.S. House of Representatives
1 Thompson, Mike 21 Nunes, Devin 41 Lewis, Jerry
2 Herger, Wally 22 McCarthy, Kevin 42 Miller, Gary G.
3 Lungren, Daniel E. 23 Capps, Lois 43 Baca, Joe
4 Doolittle, John T. 24 Gallegly, Elton 44 Calvert, Ken
5 Matsui, Doris 25 McKeon, Howard P. "Buck" 45 Bono, Mary
6 Woolsey, Lynn C. 26 Dreier, David 46 Rohrabacher, Dana
7 Miller, George 27 Sherman, Brad 47 Sanchez, Loretta
8 Pelosi, Nancy 28 Berman, Howard L. 48 Campbell, John
9 Lee, Barbara 29 Schiff, Adam B. 49 Issa, Darrell E.
10 Tauscher, Ellen O. 30 Waxman, Henry A. 50 Brian Bilbray
11 McNerney, Jerry 31 Becerra, Xavier 51 Filner, Bob
12 Lantos, Tom 32 Solis, Hilda L. 52 Hunter, Duncan
13 Stark, Fortney Pete 33 Watson, Diane E. 53 Davis, Susan A.
14 Eshoo, Anna G. 34 Roybal-Allard, Lucille
15 Honda, Michael M. 35 Waters, Maxine
16 Lofgren, Zoe 36 Harman, Jane
17 Farr, Sam 37 Millender-McDonald, Juanita
18 Cardoza, Dennis A. 38 Napolitano, Grace F. 33 Democrats
19 Radanovich, George 39 Sanchez, Linda T. 20 Republicans
20 Costa, Jim 40 Royce, Edward R.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

32. United States Senators
Representing California
Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

33. California Judiciary
California Supreme Court
Chief Justice: $191,483
Six associate justices:
$182,071
Six Appellate Court
California State
Districts
105 judges: $170,694 Courts of Appeal
58 Superior Courts
(one in each county) Superior Courts
1,499 judges: $149,160
From left Justice Carlos R. Moreno, Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar, Justice Joyce L. Kennard, Chief Justice Ronald M. George, Justice Marvin R.
Justice
Baxter, Justice Ming W. Chin and Justice Carol A. Corrigan
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

34. Exhibit 2-11
California’s
Court
System
Source: Photo copyright © Rafael Maldonado,
Pool/AP Images.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

35. Geographic Jurisdiction for the
Federal Circuit Courts of Appeal
(Additional federal courts: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, Federal Circuit, D.C. Circuit)
1
8 2
9 3
7 6
10 4
11
5
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

36. U.S. Federal District Courts in California
Eastern District
Northern (Redding, Sacramento,
District Fresno)
(Oakland,
San Francisco,
San Jose)
Central District
(Riverside, Los Angeles,
Santa Ana)
Southern District
(San Diego)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

37. Mayors: California’s Largest Cities
Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa
San Francisco Gavin Newsom
San Diego Jerry Sanders
Sacramento Heather Fargo
San Jose Ron Gonzales
Oakland Ron Dellums
Fresno Alan Autry
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.