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2. OBJECTIVES
• Why we ask occupation while taking nursing
history ?
• “Prevention is better than cure”.
• Occupational health is directly proportional to
the development of country

3. Defining occupational health
• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SHOULD AIM AT THE
PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE
HIGHEST DEGREE OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND
SOCIAL WELL BEING OF WORKERS IN ALL
OCCUPATIONS.
• Prevention among those who have depart from health
due to working conditions
• Protection of those who have risk to health in their
working conditions

4. Global Burden of Occupational
Injury and Disease/Year
Injuries Diseases Total
Fatal 100,000 700,000 800,000
Non-Fatal 99,000,000 10,300,000 109,300,000
100,000,000 11,000,000 111,000,000
*From Leigh, et al., Epidemiology 10(5):626-31, September 2011

5. Estimated Annual Incidence of Occupational
Injury & Disease Worldwide, (WHO)
# New Cases/year
Injuries 100,688,000
Diseases
Pesticide poisoning 109,000
Other poisoning 122,000
Cancer 191,000
Mental disorders 318,000
Pneumoconioses 453,000
Noise-induced hearing loss 1,628,000
Skin disorders 1,895,000
Chronic respiratory disease 2,631,000
Musculoskeletal disorders 3,337,000

6. Health of the workers

7. OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
1
•Man and physical, chemical and
biological agents
2
•Man and machine
3
•Man and man
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8. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Physical
hazards
Chemical
hazards
Biological
hazards
Mechanical
hazards
Psychological
hazards
8

9. OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES
9

10. DISEASE DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENT
• Heat: heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat
cramps, burns and local effects such as prickly heat.
• Cold: trench foot, frost bite, chilblains.
• Light: occupational cataract, miner’s nystagmus.
• Pressure: caisson disease, air embolism, blast(explosion)
• Noise: occupational deafness
• Radiation: cancer, luekaemia, aplastic anaemia, pancytopenia.
• Mechanical factors: injuries, accidents.
• Electricity: burns.

11. 1. Gases:CO2, CO, HCN, CS2, NH3, N2, H2S, HCL, SO2
2. Dusts (pneumoconiosis)
 Inorganic dust: coal dust: antracosis
silica: silicosis
asbestos: asbestosis, cancer lung
iron: siderosis
 Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber: bagassosis
cotton dust:byssinosis
tobacco: tobacossis
hay or grain dust: farmers’
lung
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DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICAL AGENT

12. 3. Metals and their compounds:
lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium,
arsenic,chromium, etc.
4. Chemicals: acid, alkalies, pesticides
5. Solvents: carbon bisulphide, benzene, trichloroethylene,
chloroform, etc.

13. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENT
Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus,
actinomycosis, hydatidosis, psittacosis, encephalities,
fungal infection.
13

14. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS
• Dermatitis, eczema
DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN
• Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic
ulcer.

15. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
15
• Dust within the range of 0.5 to 3 micron is a
health hazard producing, after a variables
period of exposure, a lung disease known as
pneumoconiosis,
• which may gradually cripple a man by
reducing his working capacity due to lung
fibrosis and other complication.

16. Hazardous effects of dust on lungs depend
upon a number of factors such as:
Chemical composition
Fineness
Concentration of dust in air
Period of exposure
Health status of the person exposed

17. • Silicosis
• Anthracosis
• Byssinosis
• Bagassosis
• Asbestosis
• Farmers lungs
17

18. LEAD POISONING
• Lead is a toxic metal for human body.
• It is used widely in industry.
• Non occupational sources
• Mode of absorption
• Body stores
• Distribution in the body
• Clinical picture
18

19. Preventive measures
• Substitution of lead with less toxic materials.
• Isolation of all processes which gives rise to
lead dust and fumes.
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Personal protection, personal hygiene and
good house keeping.
• Periodic examination of workers and health
education
• Medical management- saline stomach wash
if ingested.

20. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Skin cancer:(75% of total) gas workers, oil refiners,
tar distillers, oven workers, road workers,etc.
• Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium
work, mining of radio active substance, asbestos
industry
• Bladder cancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber,
gas and electrical cable industry.
• Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive
substance.
20

21. Control of industrial cancer
1. Elimination or control of carcinogens
2. Medical examinations
3. Inspections of factories
4. Notifications
5. Licensing of establishment
6. Personal hygiene measures
7. Education of workers and management
8. research

22. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
1. Physical: heat , cold, moisture, friction, x-ray
and other rays.
2. Chemical : acid, alkalies, dyes, solvents,
grease, tar, pitch, chlorinated phenols.
3. Biological: virus, bacteria, fungi and other
parasites.
4. Plant products: leaves, vegetables, fruits,
flowers, vegetable dust.
22

23. Prevention of occupational dermatitis
• Its largely preventable if proper control measures are
adopted
1. Pre-selection
 pre medical exam
 suspected and with known predisposition should
kept away
2. Protection : clothes, gloves, boots, aprons, etc.
3. Personal hygiene
4. periodic inspection: medical check ups for early
detection and treatment

24. RADIATION HAZARDS
various sources
effects of radiation
Preventive measures
• Shielding of workers
• Monitoring the employees
• Protective clothing
• Adequate ventilation
• Replacement and periodic examination
• Avoidance of pregnant women to work
24

25. HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO
INDUSTRIALIZATION
25

26. • Environmental sanitation problems
• Communicable disease
• Food sanitation
• Mental health
• Accidents and social problems
• Morbidity and mortality

27. MEASURES FOR HEALTH
PROMOTION OF WORKERS
27

28. • Nutrition
• Communicable disease control
• Environmental sanitation
• Mental health
• Measures for women and children
• Health education
• Family planning

29. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASE
29

30. MEDICAL MEASURES
Pre-placement examination
Periodical examination
Medical and health care services
Notification
Supervision of working environment
Maintenance and analysis of records
Health education and counseling

31. ENGINEERING MEASURES
Design of building
Good housekeeping
General ventilation
Mechanization
Substitution
Dust-enclosure and isolation
Local exhaust ventilation
Protection device
Environmental monitoring
Statistical monitoring and research
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32. LEGISLATION
The Factory Act-1948
The Employees state insurance act-1948
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