1. Libro de Gramatica
(Spanish Grammar Book)
Joya Burns

2. Table of Contents
Concept Page #
Preterite 3
-car, -gar, -zar 4
SPOCK 5
Cucaracha 6
Snake/snakey 7
Modal Verbs 8
Los Adverbios 9
Progressive Tense 10
Superlatives 11
Formals commands 12
Prepositions 13
conditionals 14
Demonstratives 15

3. Imperfect
-ar verbs
• The imperfect tense is abaabasabaáb
used to refer to actions amosabaisaba
n
in the past that
occurred repeatedly.
• The imperfect tense is -er verbs, -ir verbsíaíasíaíamosíaisían
also used to refer to
actions in the past that
occurred over an
extended period of
time.

4. Preterite
-ar -er/ir
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ió
-amos -imos
-aron -ieron

5. Preterite
Irregulares

6. -Car, –Gar, -Zar
Tocar Jugar comenzar
Toque Jugue Comence
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Toco Jugo Comenzo
tocamos jugamos comenzamos
tocaron jugaron comenzaron
**spelling change in 1st person only

7. SPOCK
hacer ir/ser dar/ver
hice fui i
hiciste fuiste iste
hizo fue io
hicimos fuimos imon
hicieron fueron ieron

8. Cucaracha
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
poder pud- -é
poner pus- -iste
querer quis-
-o
saber sub-
tener tuv-
-imos
venir vin- -isties
-ieron
decir dij-
i
traer traj-
conduar conduj-
Drop the
producir produj-
traduar traduj-

9. snake/snakey
SNAKE
Dormir STEM CHANGERS
Dormí Y CHANGERS
Dormimos
Leer
Dormiste
Leí
Durmió
Leimos
Dumieron
Leiste
Leyó
Leyeron
SNAKEY

10. Modal verbs
Conjugate and pair the modal verb with
an infinitive to get a new meaning.
Vocab Meaning
ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
Necesitar To need
querer+infinitive (want to do something)
Poder Can, could, might, be able to
querer Want, would like to deber+infinitive (should do something)
Saber Usually, used to
tener que+infinitive (to have to do something)
soler Know, know how to
soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)
necesitar+infinitive (to need something)

11. Los Adverbios
• Most Spanish adverbs are
formed by adding -mente to ‣When two adverbs modify the same verb,
only the second one uses the -mente ending.
the feminine singular form Note that the first adverb is the same as the
of the adjective. This ending feminine singular form of the adjective.
corresponds to -ly in English.
Adj. Fem. form Adv.
claro clara claramente
constante constante constantemente
difícil difícil difícilmente

12. Progressive Tense
....present
....present
the present progressive is hablar: hablando
only used to describe an (hablar - ar +
action that is in the process ando)trabajar:
of taking place. It is not trabajando
used for future actions (trabajar - ar +
• To form the present ando)estudiar:
progressive in Spanish, estudiando
combine a form of "estar" (estudiar - ar + ando)
with the present participle.
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)

13. Participles
....past
....past
To form the past participle,
simply drop the infinitive
ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add
-ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido
(for -er, -ir verbs).
They were studying. Ellos estaban estudiando ahora.
We were selling a novel Estábamos vendiendo una novela.
He was eating a lot. Él estaba comiendo mucho.
She was leaving in two days. Estaba partiendo en dos días.

14. Futuro
• The future tense is used to tell
what "will" happen, or what
"shall" happen.
• But, the future tense is not infinitive + ending
used to express a willingness
to do something.
• Regular verbs in the future
tense are conjugated by
adding the following endings
to the infinitive form of the
verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis,
-án.

15. Future Irregulars
• caber
• tenerquerervalersabervenir
• poner
• decir
• haber
• salir
• hacer
• poder

16. Superlatives
• Use when you want to
say something os the
most or least of a
1)Best 2)worst
certain quality. 3)oldest
• When using a 4)youngest
superlative in the
noun form, place it 1) El/La mejor
after the article. 2) El/La peor
3) El/La mayor
• Use the neutral ‘lo’ 4) El/La menor
when referring to an
idea or concept.

17. Formal Commands
• Change to ‘yo’ Affirmative
AND
• Change opposite vowel Negative
• ar -> e
• er/ir -> a
T V D I S H E S

18. Prepositions
ehindencima de - on top of, aboveenfrente de - oppositefrente a - opposite, towardsfuera de
• al lado de - beside
• alrededor de - around, about
• antes de - before
• cerca de - near, close to
• debajo de - under, underneath
• delante de - in front of
• dentro de - in, inside, into,
within

19. Conditionals
• Frequently, the conditional is ía
used to express probability,
possibility, wonder or ías
conjecture, and is usually
translated as would, could, ía
must have or probably.
íamos
• To conjugate regular -ar, -er
and -ir verbs in the íais
conditional, simply add one of
the following to the infintive: ían

20. Demonstratives
Demonstrative adjectives are placed before
the noun and agree in number and gender
with the noun.
This That That over there
m este ese aquel
f esta esa aquella
These Those Those over there
m estos esos aquellos
f estas esas aquellas
Aquí Allí Allá