1. THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN INDIAN
ELECTRICITY PARADIGM
JITENDRA SINGH BHADORIYA1 ,School of Instrumentation ,DAVV, Indore
AASHISH KUMAR BOHRE2,Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Dr. GANGA AGNIHOTRI3, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Dr. MANISHA DUBEY4, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Abstract—this paper is an overview of Keywords- Distributed Generation , DG
some of the main issues in distributed Technologies , Smart Grid .
generation (DG). It discusses various
aspects of DG such as definitions, I. INTRODUCTION-
technologies, distributed power The concept of distributed generation,
application, economics, environmental which is now gaining worldwide
performance, reliability issues, the role acceptance, was started in the USA almost
of DG in the new electricity paradigm of a decade ago. The earliest electric power
India, and the comparative study of DG systems were distributed generation (DG)
in India with respect to some developed systems intended to cater to the
country. It also presents some of the requirements of local areas. Subsequent
challenges that DG systems are technology developments driven by
confronting today. In this article, some economies of scale resulted in the
benefits and potential problems of DG development of large centralized grids
systems are brought out, and the connecting up entire regions and countries.
current status of DG systems operation The design and operating philosophies of
is presented. power systems have emerged with a focus
on centralized generation. During the last

2. decade, there has been renewed interest in made DG an attractive option that has been
DG. The relevance of these options for a reconsidered by various entities in the new
developing country context is examined electricity market such as customers,
using data for India. power distributors, power producers,
New concerns are emerging in the power regulators and researchers.
industry today. For example, although II. DG Definitions
hydro power plants are recognized to be As per Wikipedia collections Distributed
environmentally friendly, it is difficult to Generation (DG) is also known as on-site
find new sites for hydro power plant generation, dispersed generation,
installations in developed countries. embedded generation, decentralized
Furthermore, some countries such as generation, etc. It varies from country to
Germany and Sweden have enacted laws country. Over the last century, be it
to decommission nuclear power plants, developed nation or developing nation, on
and under public pressure, retired nuclear account of rapid industrialization causing
power plants would not be replaced [1]. high rate of growth in the demand for
Additionally, in the deregulated power electricity, everyone resorted to
sector of today, it is not easy to convince establishment of large scale centralized
market players to invest in multibillion generation facility. IEEE defines the
dollar power generation and transmission generation of electricity by facilities
projects where the payback period may be sufficiently smaller than central plants,
very long [2].These issues, and the usually 10 MW or less, so as to allow
decentralization of power systems and interconnection at nearly any point in the
liberalization of the electricity sector, power system, as Distributed Resources
along with dramatically growing demand [2] The plants concerned were based on
for electricity in developed countries has use of fossil-fuel (solid, liquid as well as

3. gas), hydro, nuclear elements. Due to the any high voltage transmission system, etc.
economy of scale with large unit size, it lead to flourishing of this type of
became possible to have big centralized decentralized generation. Advancement of
power stations near the sources to deliver technology with renewable energy sources,
power to load centers through the medium gradual reduction in cost, ease of operation
of high voltage transmission lines over a and maintainability, etc., all go in favor of
long distance. From environment point of Distributed Generation as source of green
view as well due to limitation of natural power. Also if it is not as replacement to
resources, it is in fact advantageous too to centralized large generation, it is at least to
have the plants away from populated areas. supplement the entire effort of generating
Of course like power grid, gas grid has capacity addition to a great extent. Further
also been constructed that allows use of in the context of absence of right-of way
less polluting natural gas-based plants for drawing new high voltage lines, it is a
right at the load center, where it may not boon as it envisages connectivity through
be uncommon to have waste heat recovery low voltage networks only and that too
and use combined cycle plant to achieve over short distance. In UK Distributed
higher efficiency and at the same time for Generation is defined [3] as a generation
heating in winter days, if the need be. On plant that is connected to a distribution
the other hand Distributed Generation too network and not to a transmission network.
is a method to reckon with, particularly The US Department of Energy (DOE)
when unbundling of power sector has defines DG as follows: “Distributed power
come up with generation, transmission, is modular electric generation or storage
and distribution recognized as distinct located near the point of use. Distributed
entities. Low capital investment, local use systems include biomass-based generators,
of generated power by the load, absence of combustion turbines, thermal solar power

4. and photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, wind distributed power generation unit
turbines, micro turbines, engines/generator regardless of the technology, and whether
sets, and storage and control technologies. it is connected to the grid or
Distributed resources can either be grid completely independent of the grid [5] In
connected or independent of the grid. India too effectively it means decentralized
Those connected to the grid are typically small scale generation directly supplying
interfaced at the distribution system” [4].In load and having interconnection at low
a similar tone in USA it is referred to as voltage with distribution network.
small scale generation of electric power by Moreover it is very often in the context of
a unit sited close to the load being served. electrification of rural areas including
Both of these justify terming Distributed remote villages / hamlets. The above
Generation as embedded to distribution definitions do not specify any criterion or
system. However, as per American classification of DG based on their
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy capacity. Although, there is no generally
for Distribution Power Generation, its is accepted rule or standard, the following
also known as any technology that ratings are used in different countries and
produces power outside of the utility, situations:
which is in fact the case for this type of 1) The DOE considers distributed power
generation. Furthermore, in the literature, systems to typically range from less than a
terms such as embedded generation, kilowatt (kW) to tens of megawatts (MW)
dispersed generation, distributed energy in size as DG unit [4].
resources or DER and decentralized 2) The Electric Power Research Institute
generation, have also been used in the (EPRI) considers small generation units
context of DG. The term dispersed from a few kW up to 50 MW and/or
generation is usually referred to a energy storage devices typically sited near

5. customer loads or distribution and sub- accounted for by thermal power plants,
transmission substations as distributed 39,339.40MW of large hydro plants and
energy resources [6]. 4,780.00 MW of nuclear, 25,856.14 MW
3) According to the Gas Research Institute, of renewable energy resources (Shown in
typically between 25 kW to 25 MW Table 1). The focus of power planning has
generation units are considered as DG [5]. been to extend the centralized grid
4) Swedish legislation treats generating throughout the country. However the
units under 1500 kW differently from capacity addition has not been able to keep
those unit capacities higher than 1500 kW. pace with the increasing demand for
Then, it can be considered that DG electricity. This is reflected by the
capacity in Sweden is defined as those persistent energy and peak shortages in the
units under 1500 kW [7]. country. This requires an average capacity
From the above discussion, it is evident addition of more than 10,000MW per year.
that capacity specification for DG units is Centralized generation alone is unlikely to
not universally defined. Various meet this target. In this context DG is
generating schemes under completely likely to be important. DG also has the
diverse rating, behavior, regulation, advantage of improving tail-end voltages,
purpose and locations are currently being reducing distribution losses and improving
considered as DG in the power industry. system reliability. The present installed
capacity of DG is about 13,000MW
III. Indian power sector (10,000MW diesel, 3000MW renewable).
India had an installed capacity of 2, The majority of this is accounted for by
10,951.72 MW (Ministry of Power,) in the diesel engines that are used for back-up
centralized power utilities on 31st power (in the event of grid failure) and
March2012. Of this 140976.18 MW is operate at very low load factors. The share

6. of the energy generation from DG is 308MW (10.3%), with most of it coming
marginal (about2–3% of the total from biogases based cogeneration. Most of
generation). Apart from the diesel engines, the installed capacity available from
the DG options that have been promoted in renewable is accounted for by grid
India are modern renewable. India is connected systems (wind, small hydro and
probably the only country with a separate biomass cogeneration). These accounts for
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy about 3% of India’s installed capacity
Sources (MNES). The renewable energy contribute to about 1–2% of the total
installed capacity was 205.5MW in 1993 generation (due to low capacity factors on
(104.6MW small hydro, 39.9MW Wind). renewable). The growth rate has been
This increased to 2978 MW in 2001 (as on significant (above 30% per year). This has
31st March2001) and accounted for almost been facilitated by an enabling policy
3% of India’s installed power capacity environment and a supportive government.
(MNES, 2001; Annual Reports MNES, Despite the emphasis on extending the
2000, 2001, 2002). The growth rate of centralized grid to the rural areas, 78
installed renewable power capacity during million rural households (Ministry of
the period 1993–2001 was 39% per year. Power, 2003b) or 56.5% of rural
During the period January 2000–April households are still un electrified. The
2001the installed capacity increased from recently passed Electricity Act (2003) has
1600MW to 2978MW (an annual growth made it a statutory obligation to supply
rate of 49%).. The major contributors are electricity to all areas including villages
small hydro 25MW which accounts for and hamlets. The act suggests a two
1341MW (45%) and wind which accounts pronged approach encompassing grid
for 1267MW (42%). The installed capacity extension and through standalone systems.
in Biomass based power generation is The act provides for enabling mechanisms

7. for service providers in rural areas and 2. The D.G. technologies in India
exempts them from licensing obligations. relate to turbines, micro turbines,
MNES has been given the responsibility of wind turbines, biomass, and
electrification of 18,000 remote villages gasification of biomass, solar
through renewable. The ministry has set up photovoltaics and hybrid systems.
an ambitious target of meeting 10% of the However, most of the decentralized
power requirements of India from plants are based on wind power,
renewable by 2012. In most cases, the hydra power and biomass and
areas to be electrified do not have biomass gasification. The
sufficient paying capacity.. The main technology of solar photovoltaic is
recommendations of the Committee are as costly and fuel cells are yet to be
under :- commercialized.
3. In so far as the 18,000 villages in
1. The concept of Distributed
remote and inaccessible areas are
Generation (D.G.) has been taken
concerned, the extension of grid
as decentralized generation and
power is not going to be
distribution of power especially in
economical. Decentralized plants
the rural areas. In India, the
based on biomass, gasification of
deregulation of the power sector
biomass, hydro power and solar
has not made much headway but
thermal power and solar
the problem of T&D losses, the
photovoltaic are the appropriate
unreliability of the grid and the
solution for these areas. A decision
problem of remote and inaccessible
with regard to the available options
regions have provoked the debate
will have to be taken depending on
on the subject.
the feature of each site/village.

8. 4. As regards the remaining un systems selected are likely to be
electrified villages, the cost-effective. For a large and
responsibility should rest primarily dispersed rural country,
with the State Governments. The decentralized power generation
Govt. of India would, however, act systems, where in electricity is
as the facilitator to them. generated at consumer end and
5. As people in many of the electrified thereby avoiding transmission and
villages are very much dissatisfied distribution costs, offers a better
with the quality of grid power, such solution. Gokak Committee had
villages also encouraged to go gone into details about the concept
ahead with the Distributed of decentralized generation to meet
Generation Schemes. These should the needs of rural masses
also be the responsibility of the
State Governments.
6. Though India has made IV. DG TECHNOLOGIES &
considerable progress in adopting CHALLENGES IN INDIAN
technologies based on renewable SCENERIO
sources of energy these are not yet
DG technologies are usually categorized as
capable of commercial application
renewable or non-renewable technologies
on a large scale.
(shown in table 2). Renewable
Most systems are subsidized by the technologies comprise solar either thermal
Government or the utility. The or photovoltaic, wind, geothermal or
power sector has significant losses ocean. Usually the location and size of
and needs to ensure that the DG wind power generators is suitable for

9. connecting to the distribution network; try of Energy. After a decade, the
therefore it can be considered as DG. department was elevated and converted
However, electricity generation from wind into a full-fledged Smalls try. The
usually takes place in wind farms, owned mounting burden of subsidy has also lead
by large power generation companies; to the introduction of the new legislation
hence these types of generation are usually referred to above. There are a number of
excluded from DG in the literature and for technologies for distributed generation, the
the same reasons are also not considered details
here. The internal combustion engines of which are given below:
(ICE), combined cycles,
combustion turbines, micro turbines and i. The Internal Combustion Engine.
fuel cells are all examples of non- ii. Biomass
renewable DG technologies. Among all iii. Turbines
available technologies, combustion engines iv. Micro-turbines
and turbines, micro turbines, v. Wind Turbines
fuel cells and photovoltaic play an vi. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
important role in DG applications [1]. The vii. Photovoltaics
Government of India set up a Commission viii. Fuel Cells
for Additional Sources of Energy in the ix. Small-Hydro plant.
Department of Science and Technology on
The Internal Combustion Engine: The
the lines of the Space Commission and the
most important instrument of the D. G
Atomic Energy Commission to promote R
systems around the world has been the
& D activities in the area. In 1982, a
Internal Combustion Engine. Hotels, tall
separate department of Non Conventional
buildings, hospitals, all over the world use
Energy Sources was created in the Smalls

10. diesels as a backup. Though the diesel the use of trees, crop residues,
engine is efficient, starts up relatively household or industrial residues
quickly, it is not environment friendly and for direct combustion to provide
has high O & M costs. Consequently its heat. Animal and human waste
use in the developed world is limited. In is also included in the definition
India, the diesel engine is used very widely for the sakes of convenience. It
on account of the immediate need for undergoes physical processing
power, especially in rural areas, without such as cutting and chipping,
much concern either for long-term but retains its solid form.
economics or for environment. Biogas is obtained by an
i. Biomass: Biomass refers to aerobically digesting organic
renewable energy resources material to produce the
derived from organic matter, combustible gas methane There
such as forest residues, are two common technologies,
agricultural crops and wastes, one of fermentation of human
wood, wood wastes that are and animal waste in specially
capable of being converted to designed digesters, the other of
energy. This was the only form capturing methane from
of energy that was usefully municipal waste landfill sites.
exploited till recently. The Liquid bio fuels, which are used
extraction of energy from in place of petroleum derived
biomass is split into three liquid fuels, are obtained by
distinct categories, solid processing plants seeds or fruits
biomass, biogas, and liquid bio of different types like
fuels. Solid biomass includes sugarcane, oilseeds or nuts

11. using various chemical or iii. Micro-turbines: Micro
physical processes to produce a turbines are installed
combustible liquid fuel. commercially in many
Pressing or fermentation is used applications, especially in
to produce oils or ethanol from landfills where the quality of
industrial or commercial natural gas is low. These are
residues such as biogases or rugged and long lasting and
from energy crops grown hold promise for Distributed
specifically for this purpose. Generation in India.
ii. Turbines: Turbines are a iv. Wind-turbines: Wind turbines
commercialized power extract energy from moving air
technology with sizes ranging and enable an electric generator
between hundreds of kilowatts to produce electricity. These
to several hundred megawatts. comprise the rotor (blade), the
These are designed to burn a electrical generator, a speed
wide range of liquid and control system and a tower.
gaseous fuels and are capable of These can be used in a
duel fuel operation. Turbines distributed generation in a
used in distributed generation hybrid mode with solar or other
Vary in size between 1-30 MW and their technologies. Research on
operating efficiency is in the range of 24- adaptation of wind turbines for
35%. Their ability to adjust output to remote and stand-alone
demand and produce high quality waste applications is receiving
heat makes them a popular choice in increasingly greater attention
combined heat and power applications. and hybrid power systems using

12. 1-50-kilowatt (kW) wind small,modular, and dish/ design
turbines are being developed for systems.
generating electricity off the vi. Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic
grid system. Wind turbines are power cells are solid state semi
also being used as grid conductor devices that convert
connected distributed resources. sunlight into direct current
Wind turbines are commercially electrical power and the amount
available in a variety of sizes of power generated is directly
and power ratings ranging from related to the intensity of the
one kW to over one MW. These light PV systems are most
typically require a Smallmum commonly used for standalone
9-mph average wind speed applications and are
sites. commercially available with
v. Concentrating Solar Power: capacities ranging between one
Various mirror configurations kW to one MW. The systems
are used to concentrate the heat are commonly used in India and
of the sun to generate electricity can contribute a great deal for
for a variety of market rural areas, especially remote
applications that range from and inaccessible areas. It can be
remote power applications of up of great help in grid connected
to 1- 2kW to grid connected applications where the quality
applications of 200MW or of power provided by the grid is
more. R & D efforts in the area low. This is yet to be proved.
of distributed generation High initial cost is a major
applications are focused on constraint to large-scale

13. application of SPV systems. stacks whose sizes can be
R&D work has been undertaken varied (from one kW for mobile
for cost reduction in SPV cells, applications to 100MW plants
modules, and systems besides to add to base load capacity to
improvements in operational utility plants) to meet customer
efficiency. needs.
vii. Fuel Cells: Fuel cells produce viii. Biomass Based Schemes: This
direct current electricity using can be considered under three
an electromechanical process distinct heads, National Project
similar to battery as a result of on Biogas Development,
which combustion and the National Programmed on Bio-
associated environmental side Mass Power/Cogeneration and
effects are avoided. Natural gas Bio-Mass Gasified
or coal gas is cleaned in a fuel Programmer. The gas is piped
cell and converted to a for use as cooking and lighting
hydrogen rich fuel by a fuel in especially designed
processor or internal catalyst. stoves and lamps respectively
The gas and the air then flow and can also be used for
over an anode and a cathode replacing diesel oil in fuel
separated by an electrolyte and engines for generation of
thereby produces a constant motive power and electricity.
supply of DC electricity, which The Floating Gas Holder Type,
is converted to high quality AC that is India or KVIC model and
power by a power conditioner. Fixed Dome Type which is
Fuel cells are combined into made of brick masonry

14. structure i.e. Deenabandhu weaker sections as well. Biogas is
model are among the generally used for motive power and
indigenous designs of biogas generation of electricity under the
plants. A Bag Type Portable programme in addition to meet the
Digester made of rubberized cooking fuel requirement. A total of
nylon fabric, suitable for remote 3,901 plants, including 600 night soil
and hilly areas, is being based Biogas plants had been installed
promoted. The recently up to March 2002.
developed methodology of on National Programme on Biomass
sight construction of Power/Cogeneration: The
Deenabandhu model with Ferro Government of India has initiated a
cement, which costs about 10 to National Programme on Biomass
15% less as compared to the Power/Cogeneration. It aims at
model constructed with bricks optimum utilization of a variety of
and cement, is getting popular biomass materials such as agro-
in the Southern States. residues, agro-industrial residues, and
The National Project on Biogas forestry based residues and dedicated
Development was started in 1981- energy plantations for power
82.About 33.68 lac families have been generation through the adoption of
benefited upto March 2002. The latest conversion technologies. These
Community and Institutional Biogas include combustion, incineration,
Plants Programme was initiated in pyrolysis, gasification etc. using gas
1992-93. In order to achieve recycling turbine, steam turbine, dual fuel engine,
the cattle dung available in the villages gas engine or a combination there of
and institutions for the benefit of the either for power generation alone or

15. cogeneration of more than one energy manufactured in the country. Technology
for producing biomass briquettes from
National Biomass Gasifier Programme: agricultural residues and forest litter at
Biomass gasification is the process by both household and industry levels has
which solid biomass materials are broken been developed. A total capacity of 51.3
down using heat to produce a combustible MW has so far been installed, mainl for
gas, known as the producer gas. Common stand-alone applications.
feedstocks for combustion include wood, ix. Wind Energy: The programme
charcoal, rice husks and coconut shells. was initiated in the year 1983-
The producer gas can be used directly in a 84. A market-oriented strategy
burner to provide process heat or it can be has been adopted right from the
used in IC engines, but it requires cleaning beginning and hence
and cooling for the latter application. It can commercial development of the
also be used as a substitute for diesel oil in technology has been
duel fuel engines for mechanical and successfully achieved.
electrical applications Scientific assessment of wind
Encouragement to technologies such as resources throughout the
biomass briquetting and gasification for country and a series of other
various applications in rural and urban systematic steps have facilitated
areas, and R and D on Biomass Production the emergence of a cost
and Gasification, are the important effective technology. The wind
objectives of the programme. Biomass power potential of the country
gasifier systems of up to 500 kW capacity was initially assessed at 20000
based on fuel wood have been MW and reassessed at 45000
indigenously developed and being MW subsequently assuming 1%

16. of land availability for wind Solar Power Programme: The solar
power generation in potential power programme comprises Solar
areas. The technical potential Photovoltaic Power Programme and Solar
has been assessed at 13000MW Thermal Power Programmes.
assuming 20% grid penetration, Under the Solar Photovoltaic
which will go up with the Programme:, 27 grid interactive SPV
augmentation of grid capacity projects have been installed, with an
in potential States. The Centre aggregate capacity of 2.0 MW in Andhra
for wind energy technology (C- Pradesh, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Punjab,
WET) is coordinating the Wind Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh,
Resource Assessment Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and
Programme with the States and Uttar Pradesh. These are meant for voltage
Nodal Agencies. Wind diesel support applications in remote sections of
projects are being taken up in weak grids, peak shaving applications in
Island regions and remote areas public buildings in urban centers and for
which are dependent on costly saving diesel use in islands. These are
diesel for power generation expected to generate and feed over 2.6
.Two machines of 50 kW million units of electricity annually to the
capacity each have been respective grids. In addition, ten projects of
installed in the first phase of the 900 kW capacity, are under different stages
project at Sagar Islands in West of implementation. The solar photovoltaic
Bengal. Similar projects are systems can be used for a variety of
being considered for applications, such as rural
Lakshadweep and Andaman telecommunications, battery charging, road
and Nicobar Islands. and railway signaling which are non

17. subsidized. Only 3 MW out of the total distribution level results in several
aggregate capacity of 96 MW (9,80,000 benefits, among which are congestion
systems) is used by the power plants. In so relief, loss reduction, voltage support, peak
far as rural areas are concerned. shaving, and an overall improvement of
However, the technology is not yet ripe for energy efficiency, reliability, and power
being considered for DG application in quality[16]. The benefits obtained by the
India, as it is very expensive, and has not introduction of DG should be weighed
yet been commercially tried on a large against the costs involved before deciding
scale even in the U. S.A. on the use
The technologies referred to above are of DG(shown in Table 3). As DG
applied under various schemes for technologies improve and cost decrease,
generation of electricity from renewable their use is expected to rise
sources of energy in the country. A bird’s
eye view of the schemes would give a good Installing small-scale distributed DGs
insight into the status of Distributed instead of an aggregated large-scale DG
Generation based on renewable sources of can improve the system reliability indices,
energy. depending on the locations of DGs, the
number of customers and the sizes of the
V. Benefits of distributed generation loads. The index improves if the DGs are
Use of distributed generation is one of the located closer to the end of line. However,
many strategies electric utilities are the reliability indices improve the most
considering to operate their systems in the when the aggregated DG is placed at the
deregulated environment. Several DG end of the line [17].
technologies are showing promise for this • Most of the benefits of employing DG in
application. Inclusion of DG at the existing distribution networks have both

18. economic and technical implications and . Compared to traditional
they are interrelated. centralized generation, DG
The major technical benefits are: possesses advantages as follows
• reduced line losses. [18].
• Voltage profile improvement. • Reducing the transmission and
• reduced emissions of pollutants. distribution costs, thus reducing energy
• increased overall energy efficiency. loss.
• enhanced system reliability and security. • Providing black start capability and
• improved power quality. spinning reserves, thus improving power
• relieved T&D congestion. reliability.
The major economic benefits are: • Providing improved security of supply.
• deferred investments for upgrades of •Enabling development of sustainable and
facilities. green electricity thus reducing
• reduced O&M costs of some DG environmental resources used by central
technologies. generation Easy and quicker installation on
• enhanced productivity. account of prefabricated standardized
• reduced health care costs due to improved components.
environment. • Lowering of cost by avoiding long
• reduced fuel costs due to increased distance high voltage transmission
overall efficiency. • Environment friendly where renewable
• reduced reserve requirements and the sources are used .
associated costs. • Running cost more or less constant over
• lower operating costs due to peak the period of time with the use of
shaving. renewable sources .
• increased security for critical loads. • Possibility of user-operator participation

19. due to lesser complexity more most village power applications in
dependability with simple construction, developing countries.
and consequent easy operation and (iii) Supplemental Power- Under this
maintenance [19]. model, power generated by the grid is
VI. Distributed Power Application augmented with distributed generation for
Distributed power technologies are the following reasons: -
typically installed for one or more of the a. Standby Power- Under this arrangement
following purposes: power availability is assured during grid
(i)Overall load reduction – Use of energy outages.
efficiency and other energy saving b. Peak shaving – Under this model the
measures for reducing total consumption of power that is locally generated is used fro
electricity, sometimes with supplemental reducing the demand for grid electricity
power generation. during the peak periods to avoid the peak
(ii) Independence from the grid – Power is demand charges imposed on big electricity
generated locally to meet all local energy users.
needs by ensuring reliable and quality (iv) Net energy sales – Individual
power under two different models. homeowners and entrepreneurs can
a. Grid Connected – Grid power is used generate more electricity than they need
only as a back up during failure of and sell their surplus to the grid. Co-
maintenance of the onsite generator. generation could fall into this category.
b. Off grid – This is in the nature of stand- (v) Combined heat and power - Under this
alone power generation. In order to attain model waste heat from a power generator
self-sufficiency it usually includes energy is captured and used in manufacturing
saving approaches and an energy storage process for space heating, water heating
device for back-up power. This includes etc. in order to enhance the efficiency of

20. fuel utilization. policy vis-à-vis support as well as
(vi) Grid support – Power companies resort regulatory mechanism in place is helping
to distributed generation for a wide variety to create conducive atmosphere to achieve
of reasons. The emphasis is on meeting target set in this direction.
higher peak loads without having to invest
in infrastructure (line and sub-station IX. REFERENCES :
upgrades). [1] A. M. Borbely and J. F. Kreider,
Most of the early adopters of distributed Distributed Generation The Power
power wanted to stay connected to the grid, Paradigm for the New
which they used either as a backup or for Millennium. CRC Press, 2001.
selling their surplus power to the power [2] “P1547 standard series for
companies[ 17 ] interconnecting distributed resources with
electric power systems,” IEEE, 1547 Work
VII. CONCLUSION Group, Tech. Rep., 2003.
India is on right track to pursue [3] Suresh Agrawal, “Distributed
development of Distributed Generation Generation using Renewable Sources of
with the unbundling of power sector Energy – an Ideal Option for Remote
utilizing captive and co-generation, besides Village Electrification”, Proc. International
putting all out effort in harnessing various Himalayan Small Hydropower Summit,
forms of new and renewable energy. Dehradun, India, Oct 12-13, 2006, pp. 114-
Collective participation of industries, 121.
private entrepreneurs, giant Corporations [4] The US Department of Energy, Office
hitherto engaged in conventional power of Distributed Energy Resources, online
development is the essence of such publications available at:
venture. Liberalization of Government http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/, 2003

21. [5] T. Ackerman, G. Anderson, and L. Business Opportunities, Government of
Soder, “Distributed generation: a India, March2001.
definition,” Electric Power System [12]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
Research, vol. 57, pp. 195–204, 2001. Sources, 2002. Wind power development
[6] The Electric Power Research Institute, in India: Towards global leadership; New
online publications available at: Delhi, October 2002.
http://www.epri.com/, 2002. [13]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
[7] B. M. Balmat and A. M. Dicaprio, Sources, Annual Reports, New Delhi,
“Electricity market regulations and their 1993, 2000, 2001, 2002.
impact on distributed generation,” in Proc. [14]Ministry of Power, 2001. Blueprint for
Conf. on Electric Utility Deregulation and Power Sector Development,
Restructuring and Power Technologies [15]Government of India, New Delhi;
(DRPT 2000), London, 2000, pp. 608–613. available at powermin.nic.in. ASCENT,
[8] Rodrigo “Dissertation on Renewable 1998. Status of Biomass Gasification
Energy Sources” dec 22 ,2012 in The Technology, India, October 1998;
Write Pass Journal. http://www.bgtechnologies.net/ankur.htm.
[9]Ministry of Power, 2003a. Annual [16]P. Chiradeja “Benefit of Distributed
Report 2002–2003, Government of India, Generation: A Line Loss
New Delhi. Reduction Analysis”2005 IEEE/PES
[10]Ministry of Power, 2003b. Discussion Transmission and Distribution Conference
Paper on Rural Electrification Policies, & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific Dalian,
November 2003, Government of India, China
New Delhi. [17] S.Rahman,M.Pipattanasomporn
[11]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy “Reliability Benefits of Distributed
Sources, 2001. Renewable Energy in India, Generation as a Backup Source” 2009

22. IEEE Aashish Kumar Bohre,
[18] Q. Kejun , Z.Chengake “ Analysis of
the Environmental Benefits of Distributed
Generation “2008 IEEE
[19] S.Mukhopadhyay,B.Singh
Aashish Kumar Bohre was born in Distt.
“Distributed Generation - Basic Policy,
Hoshangabad, India, in 1984. He received
Perspective Planning, and Achievement so BE degree (2009) from UIT- RGPV
far in India” 2009 IEEE Bhopal, and M-Tech degree (Power
System) in 2011 from MANIT, Bhopal. At
[20 ] H.D.Mathur “Enhancement of Power
the moment he is PhD. scholar at MANIT,
System Quality using Distributed Bhopal, India. Email:
Generation” 2010 IEEE Conference on aashish_bohre@yahoo.co.in
power and energy (PECcon2010) nov29- Dr. Ganga Agnihotri,
dec1 2010 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
BIOGRAPHIES—
Jitendra Singh Bhadoriya,
Dr. Ganga Agnihotri received BE degree
in Electrical engineering from MACT,
Bhopal (1972), the ME degree (1974) and
Jitendra Singh Bhadoriya was born in PhD degree (1989) from University of
Distt. Bhopal , India, in 1989. He received Roorkee, India. Since 1976 she is with
BE degree (2011) from UIT- RGPV Maulana Azad College of Technology,
Bhopal in electrical engineering , and at the Bhopal in various positions. Currently she
moment he is an M-Tech (instrumentation) is professor. Her research interest includes
scholar at SCHOOL OF Power System Analysis, Power System
INSTRUMENTATION, Devi Ahilya Optimization and Distribution Operation.
University (DAVV) , lndore, India. Email:
JITENDRIY@INDIA.COM

23. Dr. Manisha Dubey
Dr. Manisha Dubey was born in Jabalpur
in India on 15th December 1968. She
received her B.E (Electrical), M.Tech.
(Power Systems) and Ph.D (Electrical
Engg.) in 1990, 1997 and 2006
respectively. She is working as Professor at
the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Institute of