1) George Washington was sworn in as the first US President in 1789. His cabinet established the executive departments and he signed the Bill of Rights into law. 2) Political parties began emerging in the 1790s as Federalists led by Hamilton and Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson disagreed on economic and foreign policy issues. 3) As president from 1797-1801, John Adams enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts to crack down on French immigrants, angering Democratic-Republicans. His reluctance to go to war with France helped Thomas Jefferson defeat him in the 1800 election.

1. U.S. Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789-1800

2. Questions to Consider Why do you think the US stayed neutral in regards to the war between England and France? Do you think the development of political parties was necessary? Explain. How did President John Adams reluctance to go to war with France help Thomas Jefferson win the presidential election of 1800?

3. The First President Section 8.1

4. 8.1 Timeline (1789-1792)

5. President Washington George Washington becomes first president John Adams first vice-president Inauguration- sworn into office Set precedents- traditions Addressed as Mr. President Two terms in office Added “so help me God” to oath

6. President Washington Washington’s Cabinet State Department: relations with other nations Treasury Department: financial matters War Department: nation’s defense Attorney General: legal department

7. Washington’s Cabinet

8. The First Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 Establishes federal court system Federal courts overturn state laws Supreme court the final authority 13 district courts 3 circuit courts 1 supreme court John Jay: 1st Chief Justice

9. The First Congress The Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments Guarantees and protects personal liberties Ensure States Rights (10th amendment) Madison studied hundreds of proposals, broke down to 12 States ratified 10; added in December, 1791

10. Financial Problems National Debt High (amount we owed) Alexander Hamilton’s Plan Pay debt to foreign nations and citizens Would increase their stake in the new nation Payback bonds bought during the war at face value Opposition to the Plan Speculators, risk money to make more Bought bonds cheap Should not be paid in full

11. Financial Problems Compromise, Washington DC in the South Southerners support payment of debt Building the Economy (Hamilton’s Plan) National bank created Protective tariff, tax on imports Protect American goods and industry Low tariffs, raised 90% of government’s income Creation of new taxes (whiskey)

12. Early Challenges Section 8.2

13. 8.2 Timeline (1790-1796)

14. The Whiskey Rebellion July 1794 500 protested, attacked tax collectors, western PA Washington led 13,000 troops Quickly put down Laws had to be changed peacefully, following the Constitution

15. Struggle Over the West Spanish, English, Indian problems Native Americans did not recognize US claims American settlers continued to move into area, threatening Native American settlements Fighting broke out American troops defeated by Little Turtle in November 1791 Many Americans wanted an alliance with France

16. Struggle Over the West Washington sends John Jay to halt possible war with Britain General Anthony Wayne wins Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 1794) Delayed attack Indians weakened by tradition of fasting Treaty of Greenville 12 Indian nations sign Opens Ohio to settlement

17. The French Revolution In 1789 French rebelled against Louis XVI Initially supported by America Violence escalates in 1793 Rebellion kills King and Queen Thousands of civilians killed, less support England and France at war 1793 Washington proclaims neutrality (April 22, 1793) No French or British war ships allowed British impressment, American merchant sailors forced into British Navy

18. The French Revolution A Controversial Treaty Jay’s Treaty British pull out of west Pay damages to ships Allows trade with Carribean Considered dishonorable by some Did not address impressment and blocked trade Success with Spain Pinckney’s Treaty Unrestricted access to the Mississippi River No more forts

19. Washington’s Farewell Announces he would not serve a third term in 1796 Establishes precedent Farewell address warned against evils of political parties and foreign affairs Still read aloud to this day on his birthday

20. The First Political Parties Section 8.3

21. Opposing Views Washington, parties would divide the nation Hamilton and Jefferson disagree on economics, foreign relations, power of federal government Partisan, favoring one side Federalist party (supports Constitution) Democratic-Republicans (opposed Hamilton’s views)

22. Opposing Views

23. Opposing Views 1793, Jefferson and Hamilton resign from Washington’s cabinet Election of 1796 Candidates run under parties Caucus: members of a party choose candidates Federalists nominate John Adams Republican-Democrats nominate Thomas Jefferson Adams wins electoral college (71 votes) Jefferson, 2nd place, named vice president

24. President John Adams Section 8.4

25. 8.4 Timeline (1797-1800)

26. The XYZ Affair

27. Alien and Sedition Acts Suspicion of aliens’ loyalty grew French immigrants supported Republican party Would they support France or US? Federalists pass Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Sedition: acts to weaken a government Alien Act Sedition Act Naturalization Act

28. States’ Rights Many feared strong government abusing its power Republicans regarded it as a Federalist tyranny Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798, 1799) People’s Law Tyranny 100% Anarchy 0%

29. Peace With France Adams (Federalist) sought peace Federalists opposed, wanted war with France Peace achieved with France Federalist party split leads to Jefferson’s (Republican) victory in 1800 election

30. Questions to Consider Why do you think the US stayed neutral in regards to the war between England and France? Do you think the development of political parties was necessary? Explain. How did President John Adams reluctance to go to war with France help Thomas Jefferson win the presidential election of 1800?