Chapter 3 Notes on currents, waves, and tides.

1. Motion in the Ocean Currents, Waves, Winds, and Tides

4. Figure 3.16a

5. Figure 3.16b

6. Figure 3.16c

7. Figure 3.17

8. Figure 3.15b

9. Uneven heating of Earth’s surface causes atmospheric circulation 60% of heat transport is carried by atmosphere through storms that Move along pressure gradients 40% is carried by ocean currents (conveyor belt) surface (warm) currents move poleward deep (cold) currents move equatorward

10. Ocean currents move 40% of “excess heat” from equator to poles Driven by circulation of deep ocean waters Deepwater formation occurs near Greenland and in Antarctic

11. Movement of the ocean currents and winds are also caused by the movement of the earth!

12. Coriolis Effect Earth is round and rotating east so water and wind are deflected to the right in N. Hemisphere and left in S. Hemisphere

13. Figure 3.18c

14. Figure 3.23

17. Wind and Weather

18. Figure 3.19

19. Figure 3.20

20. WINDS vertical circulation Air rises at equator and subsides at poles Circulation cells explain global distribution of rainfall horizontal circulation Earth’s rotation determines wind direction (Coriolis force) tropical easterlies temperate westerlies

21. El Niño creates warm winters in California

22. Why are there 4 Seasons?

23. Seasonal variation in climate results from tilt in Earth’s axis Changes sun angle and day length

25. Waves

26. Figure 3.24

27. The wind not only drives currents but it causes waves Waves are caused by the strength of the wind and the fetch Fetch= amount of distance the wind blows across

28. Figure 3.27

29. Pg. 59

30. Tides

35. Moon is closer to the earth so has a bigger effect than the sun, even though the sun is much larger (more massive). Sun has about 1/2 effect on ocean surface as does the moon.

37. Figure 3.29

38. Figure 3.30

39. -Lunar cycle- tidal day is 24 hrs, 50 min long

40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

42. Spring tides (springen - “to move quickly”) During full and new moons Most extreme tides Neap tide (naepa - “hardly disturbed”) During quarter moons Least extreme tides

43. Figure 3.31

44. Types of tides Diurnal (one low, one high per day) Semidiurnal (two lows, two highs per day) Mixed (lows and highs are unequal)

45. Figure 3.32a

46. Figure 3.32b

47. Figure 3.32c

48. Figure 3.33