1. You’re doing pretty well so far…at this
point you should be able to identify an
Ineffective Natural Contingency
So let’s move on to…
The Performance
Management Contingency
Estimated Time: 15 min.

2. One of the first tests we’re putting
the Contingency through is the
Planned Contingency Test.
We’re asking if the Contingency was
added by anyone, and if the
Contingency is designed with the
intent to manage performance.

3. Adam is a sixth grader who isn’t getting
all his homework done, and his parents
are worried that his grades will start
slipping. So, Adam’s parents tell him
that each day he brings all of his
homework home, he can get a treat.

4. This is a Performance Management
Contingency. It was added by Adam’s
parents to increase the frequency of
Adam bringing home his homework.
So, it passes the Planned Contingency
Test.
Before Behavior After
Adam will not Adam puts all
Adam will get
get a treat his homework
a treat when
when he gets in his
he gets home
home backpack

5. Tracy is a bank teller at a
local bank. Because of
customer complaints, Tracy’s
boss is monitoring her
interaction with customers.
Tracy is required to call each
customer by his or her name. Each
recorded occurrence of using a
customer’s name earns Tracy points
towards a bonus.

6. Is this Contingency added and
planned?
Before Behavior After
Tracy will Tracy will not
lose lose
Tracy calls the
opportunity opportunity
customer by
for points at for points at
name
the end of the the end of the
day day
A. Yes
B. No

7. Is thisContingency ISher any added and
No, this
Contingency
Tracy’s boss won’t give
added.
planned? name…her boss
points if she doesn’t call the
customer by
added it to increase her
Before behavior. Behavior After
Tracy will Tracy will not
lose lose
Tracy calls the
opportunity opportunity
customer by
for points at for points at
name
the end of the the end of the
day day
A. Yes Back to
the
B. No question!

8. Isincrease Tracy’s behavior of it to
this Tracy’s boss added calling
Right. Contingency added and
planned?the customers by name.
Before Behavior After
Tracy will Tracy will not
lose lose
Tracy calls the
opportunity opportunity
customer by
for points at for points at
name
the end of the the end of the
day day
A. Yes
B. No

9. What about this example, is it an
Added or Built-in Contingency?
Before Behavior After
Tracy does not Tracy calls the Tracy does see
see the customer by the customer
customer smile name smile
A. Added PM Contingency
B. Built-in Natural Contingency

10. What about this example, is it an
Added or Built-in Contingency?
Before Behavior After
Tracy does not Tracy calls the Tracy does see
see the customer by the customer
customer smile name smile
We’re assuming the customer’s smile is a
natural reaction. The customer didn’t design
this Contingency to increase the frequency of
Tracy calling customers by their names.
A. Added PM Contingency Back to
the
B. Built-in Natural Contingency question!

11. What about this example, is it an
Added or Built-in Contingency?
Before Behavior After
Tracy does not Tracy calls the Tracy does see
see the customer by the customer
customer smile name smile
Excellent!!!! The customer didn’t
purposely smile so that Tracy would
call her by her name. It’s not added
or planned.
A. Added PM Contingency
B. Built-in Natural Contingency

12. How about this one, what kind of
contingency is the following?
Before Behavior After
Sue registers
Sue will not be
for classes Sue will be able
able to take
during her to take classes
classes next
scheduled next semester
semester
time
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency

13. How about this one, what kind of
contingencyThe school following?
This is tricky. is the
implemented the
registration deadline, but
did so to make it easier Behavior
Before on After
their systems.
Sue registers
Sue will not be
for classes Sue will be able
able to take
during her to take classes
classes next
scheduled next semester
semester
time
Whether an individual
student registers or not, it
doesn’t really matter to the
university. This would be a
natural contingency.
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency

14. How about this one, what kind of
contingencyEvenisthough following?
Good job! This the
Contingency.
is a Natural
Sue’s
behavior is under the control of a
designed outcome, if Sue doesn’t
Before Behavior
register, it’s really no big deal to the
After
University.
Sue registers
Sue will not be
for classes Sue will be able
able to take
during her to take classes
classes next
scheduled next semester
semester
time
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency

15. The Moral
Even though the outcome of a
contingency was designed by
somebody else, it doesn’t mean that
contingency is a PM contingency.
We consider these contingencies to
be natural contingencies because the
person that designed the outcome
didn’t do so to with the direct
intention to manage performance.

16. Moving on now…
We have to ask whether the
Performance Management
Contingency is effective. That
is, the outcome must be both
sizable and probable to control
behavior. We call this the:
Effective Contingency Test

17. To test this, we look at the before and
after conditions…and see if the change
from the before to the after condition is
sizable and/or probable enough to control
behavior.
Before Behavior After
Tracy
Tracy will lose
will not lose
opportunity for Tracy calls the
the opportunity
points customer by
for points at
at the end of name
the end of the
the day
day

18. If the change is
sizable enough…..
Then the
Contingency is
effective.
And probable
enough…to
control that
behavior….

19. Is the change in the size and
probability of this outcome large?
Before Behavior After
Alice will have Alice will not
to do her Alice washes have to do her
roommate’s the dishes roommate’s
laundry laundry
A. Yes
B. No

20. No, this outcome is both sizable and
Is the change in the size and
probable. Alice won’t have to do her
probability of this outcome large?
roommate’s laundry, which is
definitely sizable, and it’s also
probable. It is effective!
Before Behavior After
Alice will have Alice will not
to do her Alice washes have to do her
roommate’s the dishes roommate’s
laundry laundry
A. Yes Back to
the
B. No question!

21. Is the change in the sizeisand sizable
Right!!! It both
and probable. So it will
probability of this control behavior…now let’s
outcome large?
move on!
Before Behavior After
Alice will have Alice will not
to do her Alice washes have to do her
roommate’s the dishes roommate’s
laundry laundry
A. Yes
B. No

22. We also need to make sure the PM
Contingency will affect behavior in
the appropriate direction (increase
or decrease)
Anytime you are trying to increase
or maintain performance the PM
Contingency should be an Analog to
Avoidance Contingency.
This is the Analog to Avoidance
Test.

23. Remember:
The contingency is an Analog to
Avoidance and not simple Avoidance
because the outcome is delivered
after a delay of greater than 60
seconds.

24. Does Tracy’s supervisor want her to
call customers by the first name
more or less often?
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls the
opportunity for opportunity for
customer by
points at end of points at end
name
day of day
A. More often
B. Less often

25. Does Tracy’s supervisor want her to
call customers by the first name
more or less often?
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls the
opportunity for opportunity for
customer by
points at end of points at end
name
day of day
No, look at the contingency
again…think about what kind of
contingency this is.
A. More often Back to
the
B. Less often question!

26. Does Tracy’s supervisor want her to
call customers by the first name
more or less often?
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
will loseThat’s right! This is
Tracy an Analog
will not lose
to Avoidance, which means thatopportunity for
opportunity for
calls the
my response frequency should points at end
points at end of
customer by
day increase.
name
of day
A. More often
B. Less often

27. We know this is an Analog to
Avoidance, but specifically what kind of
Avoidance Contingency is it?
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls the
opportunity for opportunity for
customer by
points at end of points at end
name
day of day
A. Analog to avoidance of loss of a reinforcer
B. Analog to avoidance of an aversive condition

28. We know this is an Analog to
Great job! Tracy is
Avoidance, but specifically what kind of
avoiding the loss of a
reinforcer (the
Avoidance Contingency is it?
points) at the end of
the day!
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls the
opportunity for opportunity for
customer by
points at end of points at end
name
day of day
A. Analog to avoidance of loss of a reinforcer
B. Analog to avoidance of an aversive condition

29. WeTracy is actually avoiding theAnalog to
know this is an
Careful! This can be tricky –
Avoidance, points. Take
loss of the but specifically what kind of
another look at this
Avoidance Contingency is it?
contingency.
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls the
opportunity for opportunity for
customer by
points at end of points at end
name
day of day
A. Analog to avoidance of loss of a reinforcer
B. Analog to avoidance of an aversive condition

30. The PM Contingencies are
Analogs because there is a delay
between the response and the
consequence.
The Delayed Outcome Test
specifies that it is important to
specify this delay in the before
and after conditions.

31. Is there a delay that is apparent within
the before and after condition?
Before Behavior After
Yoko won’t
Yoko will have
have to do one
to do one of her Yoko practices
of her
roommate’s her violin for
roommate’s
chores on 30 minutes
chores on
Saturday
Saturday
A. Yes
B. No

32. Is there a delay that is apparent within
The delay IS specified.
the before and after condition? do the
Yoko will have to
chore on Saturday.
Before Behavior After
Yoko won’t
Yoko will have
have to do one
to do one of her Yoko practices
of her
roommate’s her violin for
roommate’s
chores on 30 minutes
chores on
Saturday
Saturday
A. Yes Back to
the
B. No question!

33. Is there a delay that is apparent within
Right. The delay (Saturday) is
specified in the before and
the before and after condition?
after conditions.
Before Behavior After
Yoko won’t
Yoko will have
have to do one
to do one of her Yoko practices
of her
roommate’s her violin for
roommate’s
chores on 30 minutes
chores on
Saturday
Saturday
A. Yes
B. No

34. We also have to be concerned with the
Analog to Punishment Test:
If you are trying to decrease the
frequency of behavior, the contingency
should an Analog to Punishment or an
Analog to Penalty.

35. Tony is a hospital patient who
gets very aggressive when he is
hooked up to heart monitors.
A nurse begins to
observe his behavior
from behind a two-way
mirror.

36. If Tony was not showing any aggressive
behavior during the 30-minute interval,
he was awarded one token. At the end
of the week, he could exchange his
tokens for prizes.

37. In this example, are we
trying to increase or
decrease Tony’s aggressive
behavior?
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get get a token
Tony hits
a token within within 30
the nurse
30 minutes minutes
A. Increase
B. Decrease

38. In this example, are we
trying to increase or
decrease Tony’s aggressive
No. The nurse implemented the PM
behavior?to DECREASE Tony’s
contingency
aggressive behavior.
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get get a token
Tony hits
a token within within 30
the nurse
30 minutes minutes
A. Increase Back to
the
B. Decrease question!

39. In this example, are we PM
Right. The nurse implemented the
trying to aggressive behavior. my
increase or
contingency to decrease
decrease Tony’s aggressive
behavior?
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get get a token
Tony hits
a token within within 30
the nurse
30 minutes minutes
A. Increase
B. Decrease

40. Since we are trying to decrease
behavior, what kind of contingency
should the PM contingency be?
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get get a token
Tony hits
a token within within 30
the nurse
30 minutes minutes
A. Avoidance
B. Punishment/Penalty
C. Analog to Avoidance
D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty

41. If we are trying toNo.increase or maintain
decrease behavior,
to
If a contingency is
what kind of contingency should the
performance, it should
be an analog to
PM contingency be? punishment or penalty.
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get
Tony hits get a token
a token within
the nurse within 30
30 minutes
minutes
A. Avoidance
B. Punishment/Penalty
C. Analog to Avoidance Back to
the
D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty question!

42. A punishment or penalty
If we are trying to decrease behavior,
contingency will decrease
behavior. But the outcome is
what kind of contingency should the
too delayed. So it should be
PM contingency be? an analog to punishment or
penalty.
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get
Tony hits get a token
a token within
the nurse within 30
30 minutes
minutes
A. Avoidance
B. Punishment/Penalty
C. Analog to Avoidance Back to
the
D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty question!

43. If we are trying totodecrease behavior,
No. If a contingency is
increase or maintain
what kind of contingency should the
performance, it should
be an analog to
PM contingency be? punishment or penalty.
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get
Tony hits get a token
a token within
the nurse within 30
30 minutes
minutes
A. Avoidance
B. Punishment/Penalty
C. Analog to Avoidance Back to
the
D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty question!

44. If we are trying to decrease behavior,
You got it!!! An
what kind of contingency should the
analog to punishment
or penalty will
PM contingency be?decrease behavior!
Before Behavior After
Tony will not
Tony will get
Tony hits get a token
a token within
the nurse within 30
30 minutes
minutes
A. Avoidance
B. Punishment/Penalty
C. Analog to Avoidance
D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty

45. Is there a deadline in this
contingency? Does Tony have to hit
the nurse before some specific time?
Before Behavior After
Tony will get Tony will not
a token in Tony hits get a token
less than the nurse in less than
30 minutes 30 minutes
A. Yes
B. No

46. No. Tony will lose the
Is there a deadline in this
opportunity for a token
WHENEVER he hits the
contingency? Does Tony have to hit
nurse. There is no deadline
the nurse before some specific time?
for analogs to penalty or
punishment.
Before Behavior After
Tony will get Tony will not
a token in Tony hits get a token
less than the nurse in less than
30 minutes 30 minutes
A. Yes
Back to
the
B. No question!

47. Is there a deadline the this
Right!! Tony will lose in
contingency? Does Tony have to hit
opportunity for points whenever
he hits the nurse. So we don’t
the nursedeadlinepunishment. of specific time?
have a before some
penalty or
in examples
Before Behavior After
Tony will get Tony will not
a token in Tony hits get a token
less than the nurse in less than
30 minutes 30 minutes
A. Yes
B. No

48. We have one more thing to
look at when the PM
Contingency is an Analog to
Avoidance:
The Explicit Deadline
Test

49. One of the defining criteria of Avoidance
Contingencies is the presence of a
deadline. Without one, behavior might
not occur!
This deadline must be stated as part of
the SD.
Before we show you an example, let’s
define “explicit” and “implicit” for our
purposes:

50. Explicit – The deadline
specifies a clear and definite
day or time. “Sunday at noon” is
an explicit deadline.
Implicit – The contingency
implies that there is a deadline,
but it isn’t a specific time.
Before somebody enters/leaves
a room is an implicit deadline.

51. Susie’s room is a mess, so her
Mom tells her to go to her room
and start cleaning it. If she
finishes cleaning her room, Susie
can go see a movie at 6:00.
However, Susie needs to start
cleaning it before Mom comes in
the room to check on her, or she’ll
get a scolding.

52. To avoid getting yelled at, Susie has to start
cleaning her room before Mom comes in.
This is an implicit deadline, because Mom
could come in at any time.
SD: Before Mom enters the room
Before Behavior After
Susie will get Susie starts Susie won’t
yelled at by cleaning her get yelled at
Mom room by Mom

53. Now, this contingency has an explicit
deadline. If Susie finishes cleaning her
room before 5:30 p.m., she can go see a
movie at 6:00.
SD: Before 5:30 p.m.
Before Behavior After
Susie can’t
Susie finishes Susie can go
go see a
cleaning her see a movie
movie at
room at 6:00
6:00

54. Lizzie wants to start
exercising. So she makes an
agreement with her
roommate. She will exercise
for 20 minutes on Monday
through Friday, before 10 PM
each night. If she doesn’t,
she will give her roommate $1
on Sunday for each day she
misses.

55. What is the deadline in this example?
SD:
Before Behavior After
Lizzie Lizzie will not
Lizzie will lose
exercises for Lose $1 on
$1 on Sunday
20 minutes Sunday
A. 10 PM
B. Sunday

56. No. This is a tricky one. Sunday
What is the deadline in this example?
is when she will lose the money.
But this is not the deadline. The
deadline would be before 10 PM.
She has to exercise before 10 PM
SD: or she will lose the money.
Before Behavior After
Lizzie Lizzie will not
Lizzie will lose
exercises for lose $1 on
$1 on Sunday
20 minutes Sunday
A. 10 PM Back to
the
B. Sunday question!

57. What is the deadlinePMhasthis example?
That’s right!!! She
exercise before 10 in avoid
to
to
losing the money on Sunday!!!
SD: 10 PM
Before Behavior After
Lizzie Lizzie will not
Lizzie will lose
exercises for lose $1 on
$1 on Sunday
20 minutes Sunday
A. 10 PM
B. Sunday

58. Back to Tracy, is there a deadline
in this example?
SD: ???
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls a
opportunity for opportunity
customer by
points at end for points at
name
of day end of day
A. Yes
B. No

59. This one is tricky. This
contingency has an IMPLICIT
Back to Tracy, is there a deadline
deadline. The deadline is before
in this example? the customer leaves.
SD: ???
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls a
opportunity for opportunity
customer by
points at end for points at
name
of day end of day
A. Yes Back to
the
B. No question!

60. Excellent!!! This contingency has an
IMPLICIT deadline: before the
Back to Tracy, is there a deadline
customer leaves. We can specify
this deadline as part of the SD.
in this example?
SD: Before the customer leaves
Before Behavior After
Tracy Tracy
Tracy
will lose will not lose
calls a
opportunity for opportunity
customer by
points at end for points at
name
of day end of day
A. Yes
B. No

61. Tracy must call the customer by
name before the customer
leaves…otherwise, Tracy will lose the
points at the end of the day.
SD: Before the customer leaves
Before Behavior After
Tracy will Tracy will not
lose lose
Tracy calls the
opportunity opportunity
customer by
for points at for points at
name
the end of the the end of the
day day

62. One more question: is the following
deadline implicit or explicit?
SD: Before Dr. Malott starts the Power Point show
Before Behavior After
Ralph will Ralph won’t
Ralph puts
lose lose
his flash-
participation participation
cards away
points points
A. Explicit
B. Implicit

63. Careful…is this deadline a
One more question: is the following
specific time or date? If it is
deadline implicit or explicit?
an arbitrary or variable
deadline, then it can’t be
explicit!
SD: Before Dr. Malott starts the Power Point show
Before Behavior After
Ralph will Ralph won’t
Ralph puts
lose lose
his flash-
participation participation
cards away
points points
A. Explicit
B. Implicit

64. One more question: is the following
Good job! This deadline is
deadline implicit or explicit?
variable, which means the
deadline isn’t a specific time.
This is an implicit deadline!
SD: Before Dr. Malott starts the Power Point show
Before Behavior After
Ralph will Ralph won’t
Ralph puts
lose lose
his flash-
participation participation
cards away
points points
A. Explicit
B. Implicit

65. The PM Contingency
section of the work show
is done. You may quit
now or continue with the
Inferred Theoretical
Contingency Section.