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Juhm Farming in Nagaland

   Sustainable slash and burn
  agriculture in North East India
   All photos © Julian Swindell
Nagaland, NE Indian state
Kohima, Capital of Nagaland
Kohima War Cemetery
Nagaland is intensely tribal
Quite tough tribes…
Angouli, from the Angami tribe
Hekani, from the Suomi tribe (with a “European”)
Kohnoma, home village of the Angami
Angouli at the very edge of
the British Empire
All firewood is moved on foot
in back baskets
Traditional clothing is based on warm, woollen
shawls, woven on back-strap looms
The valley is intensively cultivated in terraces
Smaller “market garden” terraces run up to the village itself
Villagers can be in the fields in minutes
Potatoes, corn, beans and over 20 varieties of rice
There are no written histories and all constructions are said
to be “about one hundred years old. They are clearly ancient.
Flooded terraces are used for rice at low level and
fish farming at higher levels
Crops are planted and managed by hand and rotated
Towards the top of the terracing, things start to
look different. Notice all the trees
Juhm shifting farming, based on Nepalese alder trees
The trees are pollarded, traditionally on an eight year
Rotation. Branches are used for firewood and building
The trees are not cut down. After each pollarding, waste wood
is burnt and ash spread around trees, and crops planted.
These trees show about one year’s growth, and the land around
is still being cropped.
After two years of cropping, the land and trees are
left to regenerate for another six years.
After four years it looks like completely abandoned
farm land, but it is actually under a careful management system
The Angami valley is unique in Nagaland. In all other tribes, nearly
all of the trees have been cleared and the land farmed conventionally
The Juhm system extends beyond the terraces, up
the open valley sides
Farming on the hillsides is not as easy or as
productive as in the terraces.
Where undergrowth is cleared on hillsides, steps are
taken to stop open soil erosion.
Livestock, semi-wild cattle, are confined to the hillsides above the
arable fields. They are brought into the village for slaughter. Every
household also has a pig. Nagas eat anything that moves…
Kohima market is not for the faint hearted, (such as me)
These eels come from the terraced fields. I didn’t ask where the
wriggly black things with a million little legs came from
But do go to Nagaland, it is wonderful and welcoming. But note,
If two of you want to go together, you do have to be married!

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