2. the roles and rights of
individual
citizens, states, and
National government
presented in the Articles
of Confederation [8.11.4]
Warm Up: What is Republicanism? How do you
think this would influence how America would
create its first government?
4. Americans debate
Republicanism
The relationship between the new states and the national
government was difficult to define
The Revolutionary War gave the colonies a common
goal, but as they became states, they remained reluctant
to unite under a strong central government
18th century Americans believed that a democracy placed
too much power in the hands of uneducated masses
Favored a republic [gov’t where people rule through
elected representatives]
Republicanism meant different things to different
Americans
5. Different Views
John Dickinson [D. from
Delaware] believe a republic
should place the good of the
nation above personal
interests
Adam Smith
[economist, philosopher] &
followers believed a republic
would benefit from self-
interest and allow
independent citizens to
pursue their own economic
& political interests
6. Republican Motherhood
The role of women in the
republic.
Women were expected to raise
the next generation of patriots by
instilling democratic values in
their children
Still had no suffrage or property
rights
after 1780 private school
emphasized the importance of
educating women1789-
MA, passed a law forbidding any
town from excluding girls from its
elementary schools
7. State Constitutions
Limited powers of government leaders
Guaranteed specific rights for citizens:
Freedom of speech, religion & the press
Emphasized liberty rather than equality
Fear of centralized authority
African Americans generally not allowed to vote
Some states gave all white males the vote, but MD made
property ownership a requirement; some states limited to
active church members
NJ gave women the right to vote until 1807- when it was
revoked
9. Representation by Population
or by State?
Should delegates represent people or states?
Should each state elect the same # of representatives
regardless of its population?
Should states with a larger population have more
representatives over those that have smaller populations?
Continental Congress saw themselves as representing
independent state
As a result they made the decision that each state would
have one vote regardless of population
10. Supreme Power: Can it be divided?
Articles of Confederation – 2 levels of government
shared fundamental powers
State governments were supreme in some matters/
national government in others
Called this government a confederation [alliance]
National Government- declare war, make peace, sign
treaties, borrow money, set standards for coins and for
weights and measures, establish a postal service and deal
with Native American peoples
NO separate executive dept. to carry out and enforce the
acts of Congress and no national court system to interpret
the meaning of the law
11. Western Lands: Who Gets
Them?
1779- 12 states agreed to accept the new
government, but conflict over W. lands
delayed final approval for more than 2 years
Some states had land claims W. of the
Appalachians
MD had 0, feared states with land claims
would expand & overpower small ones
Landed states gave up their western
claims, and MD approved the Articles of
Confederation in March 1781
12. Governing the Western Lands
Land Ordinance of 1785- law that est. a plan for
surveying & selling the federally owned lands west of the
Appalachian Mts.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and
judges
2. When a territory had 5,000 voting residents, the
settlers could write a temporary constitution and
elect their own government
3. When the total population of a territory reached
60,000 free inhabitants, the settlers could write a
state constitution, which had to be approved by
Congress before it granted statehood
13. Review
What was the The Land Ordinance
basic difference of 1785 est. a plan for
between the surveying the
land, whereas the NW
Land Ordinance Ordinance of
of 1785 and the 1787, provided for
Northwest dividing the land into
Ordinance of three to five territories
1787? and est. requirements
for the admission of
Confederations greatest
new states.
achievements.
14. The Confederation
Encounters Problems
What weakness in the Confederation was
highlighted by the actions of RI?
15. Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation
Congress could not Articles could be
enact & collect taxes amended only if all
states approved
Congress could not There was no executive
regulate interstate or branch to enforce the
foreign trade laws of Congress
Regardless of There was no national
population, each state court system to settle
had only 1 vote in legal disputes
Congress
Two-thirds majority- 9 There were 13 separate
out of 13 states needed states that lacked
16. Classroom Activity
Create an editorial cartoon that
demonstrates a weakness of the
Articles of the Confederation
17. Drafting the Constitution
Section 2
Learning Goal: Identify, compare and contrast
the roles of citizens, states and national
government implemented from the Declaration
of Independence, Articles of Confederation
and the Constitution. [8.11.4]
Warm Up: Think about a dispute that was resolved
through a compromise. What steps did you take to reach
that compromise? What was given up or changed?
18. Veteran of Bunker Hill &
Saratoga
b/c of heavy debt, faced
Daniel Shays
debtors prison
During the Summer and Fall
of 1786, kept demanding for
the courts to be closed to not
lose his farm
Boiled over on September
1786- when Shays led an
army of farmers to close the
courts
1787, Shay’s army [1,200]
marched to an arsenal in
Springfield
4 rebels killed, rest scattered
20. Nationalists Strengthen the
Government
Shays’ Rebellion caused panic and dismay across
the nation
Every state had debt-ridden farmers… would it
spread?
George Washington: “What a triumph for our
enemies… to find that we are uncapable of
governing ourselves.”
In order to prevent abuse of power, the states had
placed such severe limits on the government that
the government was too weak.
21. George
Washington
“The consequences of…
[an] inefficient government
are too obvious to be dwelt
upon. Thirteen
sovereignties pulling
against each other, and all
tugging at the federal head
will soon bring ruin on the
whole… Let us have
[government] and by which
our lives, liberty, and
property will be secured or
let us know the worst at
22. Call for a convention…
Sept. 1786- James
Madison [VA] &
Alexander Hamilton called
for state delegates to
discuss interstate trade
Only 5 states sent reps.
Delegates decided to call
for a new mtg. a yr. later
in Philly
Shays’ Rebellion led to all
the states sending
delegates to Philly
23. James Madison Creator of the VA
1751-1836 Plan, asked Edmund
Randolph to present
the plan due to a weak
voice
Brilliant political
leader, also kept
records of the debates
Known as the father of
the Constitution
24. Roger
Sherman, 1721- Born in MA
1793 Successful merchant
Studied law
Helped draft the DEC. of IND.
66 yrs. Old at Constitutional
Convention
Introduced the Great
Compromise
Only man to sign: Continental
Association 1774, Declaration
of Independence, Articles of
Confederation & the
Constitution
25. Convention Highlights
May 1787- delegates except RI attended the Philly State
House, where the DEC of IND was signed.
Despite sweltering heat, the windows were tightly closed to
prevent eavesdroppers
55 delegates: lawyers. Merchants, rich well educated men
ranging 30s-40s
Benjamin Franklin had chaperones during dinner parties to
prevent the talkative and aging leader from disclosing
details of the meeting
Washington was elected presiding officer in a unanimous
vote
26. Conflict leads to Compromise
Virginia Plan- proposed a
bicameral legislature, with New Jersey Plan-
membership based on which proposed a
population. The voters single-house congress
would elect members of the in which each state
lower house, who would had an equal vote
then elect members of the
upper house
27.
28. Sherman’s Great Compromise
Plan pleased those
who favored
government by the
people insofar as it
preserve the power
of state legislators.
31. Eerie Prediction
James Madison:
“20 years will produce all
the mischief that can be
apprehended from the
liberty to import slaves. So
long a term will be more
dishonorable to the
national character that to
say nothing about it in the
Constitution”
33. Division of Powers
Federalism- a political system in which a national government and
constituent units, such as state governments share power.
Divided the national government and state government
Powers granted to the national government = delegated powers or
enumerated powers
Control of foreign affairs, providing national defense, regulating trade
between states, and coining money
State powers = reserved powers
providing and supervising education, establishing marriage laws, and
regulating trade within a state
BOTH have the rights to tax, borrow money and pay debts, also
share the power to establish courts
37. Electing the President
With no national political parties and limited travel
and communication- the founding fathers feared a
popular vote would be divided among regional
cadidates
Many upper class feared the lower class
Some did not trust the common people to vote wisely
Others trusted them to vote the upper class out of
power
SO- voters [in a State] vote for a number of electors
equal to the # of senators and representatives in
Congress
38. Creating the Constitution
4 months of debate and compromise
Created a flexible constitution to last the centuries
GW adjourned the convention on Sept. 17, 1787
“I do not expect the Constitution to last for more than
20 years”
Constitution sent to Congress for approval…
39. ASSESS
Summarize the three key conflicts
in the Constitutional Convention.
Compare your summaries with a
partner.
40. Learning Goal: Identify and WARM UP: Based on
compare the position of yesterday’s
women, blacks, un- class, what do you
propertied males and Native think is missing in the
Americans at the Constitution? What do
Ratifying the
establishment of the new you believe should be
nation. included?
Constitution
Section 3
41. What the what?!
4 mo. To write the Constitution; Americans
shocked when it was printed in the
newspaper
Expected amendments to the Articles, not a
completely new document
42. Controversies over the
Constitution
Voters would elect a delegate to the convention to accept
or reject the Constitution
Ratification- official approval required for an agreement
This system largely bypassed state legislators [who were
likely to oppose the Constitution, since it reduced the
power of the states]
Federalists- supporters of the Constitution
Favored the Constitution’s balance of power b/w states
and national government
Anti-Federalists- opposed having a strong central
government
43. The Debate
Federalists Anti-Federalists
Insisted that the division Countered with a long list
of powers & of possible abuses by a
checks/balances would strong central government
protect from tyranny of a Fear government would
centralized authority serve the interest of a
privileged minority & ignore
The leading argument the rights of the majority
centered around the How could a single
government manage a
Constitution’s lack of large country?
protection for individual
rights.
45. Federalist Supporters
Urban centers
Merchants
Skilled workers
Laborers
Favored a national government in the regulation of trade
Small states and those with weak economies favored a
strong national government that would protect their
interests
46. Opposing
Forces
Leading Anti-Federalists
Richard Henry
Lee
47. Anti-Federalist Supporters
Rural Areas
People feared a strong government that might add to
their tax burdens
Large states & those with strong economies [NY] had
greater freedom with the Articles of Confederation
Laborers
Favored a national government in the regulation of
trade
48. The Federalist
85 Essays defending the
Constitution appeared in NY
papers between 1787-1788
Published under the
pseudonym Publius, but
written by Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison
and John Jay.
Analysis and explanation of
Constitutional provisions:
separation of powers &
limits on majority powers
49. Letters from the Federal
Farmer
Most likely written by
Richard Henry Lee, the
most widely read Anti-
Federalist paper
Lee listed the rights the
Antifederalists believed
should be protected:
freedom of the press and of
religion as well as
guarantees against
unreasonable searches and
the right to a trial by jury
50. Serious Drawback
Constitution contained no
guarantee that the
government would protect
the rights of the people or
states.
Thomas Jefferson viewed
the Constitution’s lack of a
bill of rights- [formal
summary of citizens rights
and freedoms, as a serious
drawback to ratification]
51. DEMAND for a Bill of Rights
Antifederalists argued that the Constitution
weakened the states, the people needed a national
bill of rights:
Freedom of speech, press, religion
Assurance of trial by jury
Right to bear arms
Federalists insisted the Constitution limited powers
of the national government so it could not violate the
rights of states or people
Gave the power to protect their rights through the
elections of trust leaders
HOWEVER yielded to people’s desire to add a
Bill of Rights
52. Ratification of the Constitution
VA- Patrick Henry, Richard Henry
Lee and James Madison led
Delaware- 1st to ratify- opposition claiming ratification
Dec. 1787 would place people under the
power of an absolute ruler.
June 1788- NH NY- John Jay and Alexander
became the Hamilton vs Antifederalist
9th, fulfilling the majority.
requirement for
They launched a campaign of the
ratification Federalist
VA & NY did not July 26, 1788- NY ratified by a
vote, and the 30-27 vote
government needed
RI- in 1790, even though it was a
those large & reality in 1789
influential states
53. The Bill of Rights
Ratification hinged on its
inclusion
September 1789- Congress
submitted 12 Amendments to
the state legislators for
ratification
Dec. 1791- the required ¾of
the states ratified 10 of the
amendments- the Bill of
Rights
1st 8 spell out personal
liberties, 9th and 10th limit
powers of the national
government
55. Second Class Citizens
Native Americans and Slaves were excluded, Woman
were not mentioned in the Constitution.
Some Northern states permitted free blacks to vote, but
the Bill of Rights offered no protection against white
discrimination and hostility
Expansion of democracy came from later amendments
The flexibility of the U.S. Constitution made it a model for
governments around the world
56. Unequal Protection
The Bill of Rights reflectis the ideas and values of the time
[late 1700s]
Many Americans considered African Americans and
Women to be 2nd Class Citizens
The Women’s Movement and Civil Rights Movement
brough about the inclusion and equal protection under the
law for these groups
By organizing, petitioning the government and raising
public awareness, excluded groups gained access to
those rights previously withheld from them
![the roles and rights of
individual
citizens, states, and
National government
presented in the Articles
of Confederation [8.11.4]
Warm Up: What is Republicanism? How do you
think this would influence how America would
create its first government?](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)