1. Business Communication
Session-2
• Oral, Writing and Listening Skills
• Non-Verbal Language
• 7’C of Communication

2. Participative
Coach/
Teach
Direct/ Tell Cooperate
1
4
4 8
8
Level of Participation
ClarityofMeaning
Workplace Communication and Choosing the Correct Styles

3. Workplace Communication and Choosing the Correct
Styles
• Direct/Tell Quadrant (CM 1 to 4 & PT 1 to 4) = This style reflects
the need to state what is required of the message receiver and for
them to follow this instruction.
• Instruct/Coach Quadrant (CM 4 to 8 & PT 1 to 4) = This style
reflects the need to explain and assist the message receiver to
understand the instruction or action.
• Cooperate Quadrant (CM 1 to 4 & PT 4 to 8) = This style reflects
the need to cooperate in broad situations. Communication may
not have a stated purpose but cooperation is accepted as
necessary.
• Participative Quadrant (CM 4 to 8 & PT 4 to 8) = This style
reflects the need to build not only cooperation but, over time, a
relationship in which the communication is two-way and all those
involved use communication to reinforce why they work together.

4. Forms Of Communication
• Sign language
• Oral
• Visual
• Written (coded/ uncoded)
• Reading
• Listening
• Body language (voluntary gestures/involuntary body language)
• Facial expressions (voluntary/involuntary)
• Colors
• Intellectual
• Touching/felt
• Seen (unemotional/emotional)
• Unseen

5. Communication Variables
There are numerous variables involved in the communication
process. Some of these variables are described below.
• Differences between the sender and receiver affect the odds of
successful communication.
– Attitudes: How different are the attitudes between the sender and
the receiver?
– Information levels. Is the sender or receiver significantly more
informed than the other?
– Communication skills. The greater the difference in the sender’s and
the receiver’s communication skills, the less likely it is that
communication will be successful
– Social systems provide a context or background for interpreting
messages. If the sender and receiver do not share a similar social
system, successful communication is more of a challenge.
– Sensory channel. The five senses (i.e., seeing, hearing, touching,
tasting, and smelling) are the basic channels of communication. Using
more channels increases the chance that communication will be
successful.

6. Communication Variables
• Differences in communication styles often create an extra
challenge. General behavior patterns of our personalities
form our personal communication styles. These patterns
can be productive, nonproductive, or even
counterproductive, and the interplay of these styles affects
the communication’s effectiveness.
• Differences in previous experiences create a filter through
which we hear the world. Inference, judgment, and
generalization can become as significant as facts.
• Cultural differences will be covered in more detail in Unit
4. Like the three variables described above, cultural
differences impact how a message is sent as well as the
manner in which a message is received. To be effective,
you need to be sensitive to cultural differences without
stereotyping.

7. Elements In Message Meanings
55%
7%
38%
Tone of
Voice
Facial
Expression
Words
Spoken
Oral Communication Bottle neck: Your Mouth
WPM= Words per Minute
Listeners can receive: 480 WPM
You can transmit: 120 WPM
Oral Communication deficit: 360 WPM
Tools of OC: Tone, Facial Expression, Body Language, Word Selection, Delivery

8. Oral Communication
• Element to good talking
• Types of Oral communication

9. Elements of Good Talking
1. Voice Quality: vocal sounds one hears when another
speaks.
2. Includes: Pitch, tone, delivery speed and volume
3. Talking Style: monotone, sincere, dull, excited.
4. Word Choice and Vocabulary
5. Central Role of Adaptation: fitting the message to the
listener.
Talking is the oral expression of knowledge, viewpoints and
emotions through words.words.
The following are the determinants of good or bad talking.The following are the determinants of good or bad talking.

10. Voice Quality
• It is pitch and resonance of vocal sounds
• Not all voices are good
• How to improve yours:
– You know good voice quality.
– Listen to yourself.
– Do what you can to improve.
Think about the best/worst speakers.
1. Aik din Geo ke Saath -Sohail
2. Sohail Hashmi
3. Pervez Musharraf

11. Talking Style
• It is the blending of pitch,
speed, and volume.
• To improve
– Analyze your style. Listen to
yourself.
– Then do what you can to make
yours better.

12. Word Choice
• Adapt.
• Choose words in your listener’s
vocabulary.
• Avoid statements that give the wrong
impression.
• If you find yourself using negative words,
phrases or sentences, you need to take
corrective action i.e. Use “Positive Words”
• (Remember…if you don’t have anything
nice to say don’t say anything at all)
• Avoid jargon

13. Adaptation
• The preceding suggestion applied to
the whole message.
• It is more than just word choice. It
also concerns idea simplification.

14. Courtesy in Talking
• Don’t dominate or drown out others.
• Don’t butt in while others are talking.
• Don’t use big words to imply superiority.
• Good talkers encourage others to make
their voices heard.
• Apply the Golden Rule; accord others the
courtesy you expect from them.

15. Oral Communication
• Oral communication is fluid and dynamic, and is shaped by
both the speaker and the audience. Oral communication is
enhanced by nonverbal communication such as body
language and tone of voice.
• Types of oral communication include:
– Individual briefings.
– Phone conversations.
– Public speeches.
– On-air interviews.
– Public Service Announcement (radio and/or television)

16. Writing Communication

17. Writing Communication
• In many situations, it is best to use written communication.
Never underestimate the value of documentation. It allows
the information to:
– Be consulted in the future.
– Exist independent of human memory.
– Be reviewed and revised before it is delivered.
– Be passed on intact to a second audience.

18. VISUAL FORMS OF
COMMUNICATIONWRITTEN (coded/uncoded)
• Letter
• Postcard
• Telegram
• Email
• Note
• Card (Birthday, Christmas, Etc)
• Poster
• Formal Notice
• Pointing Hand Or Arrow
• Signs (Words/Symbols)

19. Listening Communication
• Process of Listening
• Roadblocks of Listening
• Improve Listening Skills

20. “If speaking is silver,
then listening is gold.”
--Turkish Proverb

21. The Listening Process
EvaluationEvaluation
ActionAction
InterpretationInterpretation
PerceptionPerception

22. The Listening Process
• Perception
– Pay Attention
– Sense message is Important
– Topics seems interesting
– In Mood to listen
• Interpretation
– Begin to interpret
– Decode it to your liking:
• On culture
• Education
• Social references
• Life Experiences

23. The Listening Process
• Evaluation
– Analyze Merits
– Consider all information
– Be aware of your own biases
– Avoid jumping to conclusion
• Action
– React with physical response
– Clarify the message
– Provide Feedback

24. Roadblocks to Effective Listening
Roadblocks to effective listening can be external or internal.
• External roadblocks (e.g., noise, an uncomfortable temperature
or seating, or an inappropriate location) or internal. Try to be
aware of external roadblocks and offset them if possible.
• Internal roadblocks include a variety of conditions or reactions
within the speaker or audience, such as:
– Emotional interference.
– Defensiveness.
– Hearing only facts and not feelings.
– Not seeking clarification.
– Hearing what is expected instead of what is said.
– Stereotyping.
– The halo effect (i.e., the tendency for something to be influenced by
a loosely associated factor)
– Automatic dismissal (e.g., “We’ve never done it that way before.”)
– Resistance to change.

25. |
Mental Barriers | Physical Barriers
|
• Inattention | Hearing Impairment
|
• Prejudgment | Noisy Surrounding
|
• Frame Of Reference | Speaker Appearance
|
• Close Mindedness | Speaker Mannerism
|
• Pseudo-listening | Lag Time
|
Roadblocks to Effective Listening

26. • Noise can be interfere with every aspect of the communication
process. Noise may be external or internal
• External Noise: comes from you surroundings
– Phone line crackling with static
– A telephone ringing or a co-worker laughing in a cubical next to
you
• Internal noise: comes from within
– Such factors as dislike of your receiver
– Distraction by another problem
– Prejudice against a person
Cause of Miscommunication

27. The Ten Commandments
of Listening
1. Stop talking
2. Put talker at ease
3. Show talker you want to listen
4. Remove distractions
5. Empathize with talker
6. Be patient
7. Hold your temper
8. Go easy on argument and
criticism
9. Ask questions
10.Stop talking
2 EARS, 1 MOUTH

28. Listening in the Workplace
• Listening to superiors
• Listening to employees
• Listening to customers

29. Non-Verbal Communication
• Body Language
• Voluntary
• Involuntary
• Facial Expression

30. Types of nonverbal communication
• How we gesture with arms, fingers, hands, face
• How we stand, walk
• Our posture
• Our eye movements
• The clothes we wear and how we wear them
-Occasion, time of day, audience, colors of
clothes.
• How we decorate our bodies (tattoos, piercing)
1) Body language1) Body language

31. BODY LANGUAGE
• Voluntary Gestures
– Gestures
– Raised Eyebrows (Meaning: 'Next!')
– Raised Hand (As A Greeting)
– Finger Pointing (To Indicate Position)
– Shrug (For Indifference)
– Raised Hand (To Stop Further Discussion)
• Involuntary Body Language
– Shudder
– Flinch
– Positioning When Sitting
– Style Of Walking
– Posture

32. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• Voluntary
– Grimace
– Wink
– Withering Look
– Quizzical Look
• Involuntary
– Stunned Look
– Tic
– Open-mouthed
– Frequency Of Blinking
– Position Of Eyes When Remembering, Or Recounting
– Giveaways When Lying
– Tongue Lolling

33. Non-Verbal Communication
• Posture
– Hunched
– Upright
• MANNER
– Confident
– Hesitant
• HEAD
– Nod
– Shake Head
• TONGUE
– Lick Lips
– Stick Out Tongue
• EYES
– Rolled Eyes
– Looking Skyward
• Eye Contact (Hostile/Friendly)
– Avoidance Of Eye Contact

34. Non-Verbal Communication
• Colours
– Colour-coding
– Colours To Change Emotions
– Colours To Suit Situations (Funeral, Etc.)
– Colour-coordinated
• Clothing
– Functional
– Fashionable
– Condition (Clean/Dirty)
– Age

35. Non-Verbal Communication
• Intellectual Forms Of Communication
– Word/Picture Association
– Thought Processes From Clues (Deduction)
• FELT/TOUCHINGFELT/NON-TOUCHINGNON-EMOTIONAL
– Handshake
– Prod
• EMOTIONAL
– Caress
– Stroke
– Fumble
– Kiss
– Tickle

36. Types of nonverbal communication:
• Intimate zone physical contact to 18 inches
• common zone for intimate relationships
• Personal zone 18 inches to 4 feet
• common zone for interpersonal communication
• * Social zone 4 feet to 10- 12 feet
• normal distance used in work settings
• * Public zone 1 0- 12 feet and beyond
• communication at this distance is general formal
• Our behavior in each is determined by our culture.
• We need to be sensitive to the space conditioning of
others.
2) Space2) Space

37. Types of nonverbal communication:
• Concepts of time also vary by
culture.
• Punctuality, orderly activities
vary in importance by culture.
3) Time3) Time

38. Types of Nonverbal Communication
• It is how the words are delivered.
• It is the speed, pitch, emphasis, volume, and such that we
give the words.
• Recall the text example:
“I am a good communicator.”
• Repeat five times emphasizing a different word each time.
4) Paralanguage4) Paralanguage

39. 7’C of Effective Communication
• Correctness
• Conciseness
• Clarity
• Completeness
• Concreteness
• Consideration
• Courtesy

40. 1.Complete
The essential elements of good business communication have not changed.
Following are the seven "C's" of a good business letter:
• COMPLETE
• The message should be complete to bring desirable results.
• It should include everything the reader needs for the reaction you
desire.
• You must know what information our reader wants or needs You
should be able to know the reader’s background viewpoint needs
attitudes and emotions.
• Provide all necessary information.
• Answer all questions asked.
• Give something Extra, when Desirable.
– Have you given all the facts?
– Have you covered the essentials?
– Have you answered all his/her questions?
– Did you PLAN what you said?

41. 1.Complete
Check for 5 W and 1 H
1.What
2.Why
3.When
4.Where
5.Who
1.How

42. 2.Courteous
• Courtesy is more important and advantageous in business
writing than it is in face to face communication or
conversation.
• Courteous message strengthen present relations and make
new friends. It is a goodwill building.
• Answer your mail promptly
• Be sincerely tactful thoughtful and appreciative
• Use expressions that show respect
– Will it win good will?
– Have you used positive, "pleasant-toned" words?
– Have you used "I appreciate," "please", and "thank you"
somewhere in your message?
– Would you enjoy reading what you have said?

43. 3.Consider
• Consideration refers to you attitude sympathy the human
touch and understanding of human nature.
• Consideration means the message with the receiver in
mind. You should try to visualize your readers their desires
problems emotions circumstances and possible reaction to
your request.
• Focus on you instead I & We
• Show reader benefit or interest in reader
• Emphasize
– The YOU-Attitude
– Have you put the client first?
– Have you floodlighted his/her interests?
– Have you walked in his/her moccasins?
– Have you talked his/her language?

44. 4.Consciences
• The writer is also a loser if he writes wordy
messages because it involves more time and
money to type and read. Conciseness makes the
message more understandable and
comprehensible
• Eliminate wordy Expressions.
• Include only relevant material.
• Avoided unnecessary Repetition.
– Have you plunged right into the subject of the message?
– Have you avoided rehashing the reader's letter?
– Have you said enough, but just enough?
– Have you avoided needless "filler" words and phrase?

45. 5.Clear
• Clarity demands that the business message should be
correct concise complete concrete and with consideration
• Use the right level of language
• Proper punctuation make the writing clear
• Choose short, familiar, conversational words.
• Construct effective sentences and paragraphs.
• Achieve appropriate readability (and listen ability).
• Include examples, illustrations, and other visual aids, when
desirable.
• Check Accuracy of fact figure & Words
– Have you used familiar words, short sentences?
– Have you presented only one idea in each sentence?
– Have you avoided "business" and technical terms?
– Have you used the reader's language?

46. 6.Concrete
The business writing should be specific definite
unambiguous and vivid rather than vague and
general The following guidelines lead to
concreteness.
• Use specific facts and figures
• Put action in your verb
• Choose vivid image building words.
– Have you given the crisp details the client needs?
– Have you made the details razor and needle-sharp?
– Have you flashed word pictures, made facts vivid?

47. 7.Correct
To be correct in communication the following principles should be
borne in mind.
• Use the correct level of language
• Include only facts words and figures
• Maintain acceptable writing mechanics
• Apply the following qualities
• There should be proper grammar punctuation spelling and
paragraphing
– Have you checked all facts for correctness?
– Have you spelled the reader's name correctly?
– Have you verified all numbers and amounts?
– Is the appearance of the letter effective? Is it clean, well-
spaced?
– Have you checked your spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.?
• The chief art in writing is to know:
• How much to put in.
• What to leave out.
• When to quit.

48. Thank You