Class presentation slides for ERM 150 (first quarter) for Spring Semester 2009

1. Animal Populations
Quagga Cockroach

2. Population Factors
 Distribution/Range
 Niche
 Habitat Tolerance
 Resource Availability
Reproductive rate
 Biotic Potential: Maturity
Mortality

3. Distribution
 Migration
 Motility
 Broadcasting

4. Niche
 Predator/Prey
 Host/Parasite
 Mutualistic

5. Predator Prey

6. Host Parasite
 Demodex mite: Human eyelid

7. Host Parasite
 Demodex mite: Human eyelid

8. Mutualism
 E. Coli : Human intestines

9. Mutualism
 E. Coli : Human intestines

10. Habitat Tolerance
 Mexican Burrowing Toad

11. Resource Access
 Competitive exclusion
 Resource partitioning

12. Reproductive Rate

13. Maturity

14. Mortality

15. Environmental Resistance
J curve S curve

16. Environmental Resistance
J curve S curve

17. Strategies
 K-selected
Equilibrium
Larger, few offspring
 R-selected
Opportunist
smaller, short-lived

18. Human Population

19. Human Population
 Thomas Malthus
(1766 - 1834)

20. Demographics
 Growth Rate = Birth Rate - Death rate
69 years
 Doubling time = growth rate

21. Current World Population
 http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/wo
rldpop
 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/i
db/summaries.html

22. 21st century projection

23. Population Distribution

24. Population Profiles

25. US birth rates

26. Since 1800
 Decrease in death rate
Vaccines, antibiotics, sanitation
 Diagnosis and treatment
 Lifestyle choices
diet, exercise, nutrition
 Child Mortality rates

27. What is Human?

28. What is Human?
 Opposable Thumbs
power, precision grip
 Bipedalism
 Color, 3-D vision
 Language and abstract thought

29. Phylogenetics

30. African homeland

31. Timelines

32. “Lucy”
 Australopithecus afarensis

33. Skull Comparison

34. Cranial Volume

35. Homo Neanderthalsis

36. Speech?

37. Neanderthal extinction
 Climate, resources
 Epidemics
 “Culture Gap”
 Hybridization

38. Hybrids?

39. Homo floresiensis

40. Sources of evidence
 Geological
 Archaeological
 Biological

41. Carbon Isotopes
12C 13C 14C
6 protons 6 protons 6 protons
6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons
STABLE STABLE RADIOACTIVE

42. Half Life
Half life (14C) = 5730 years

43. Shroud of Turin

44. Ice Man (Otzi)

45. Ice Man (Otzi)

46. Technology

47. Great Leap Forward
 40,000 - 50,000 years ago
 Climate
 Tool construction
 Language

48. Biological evidence
 Hemoglobin

49. Sickle Cell anemia

50. Lactose Tolerance

51. Lactose Tolerance

52. DNA

53. Chromosomes

54. Genetic Fingerprinting

55. Y haplogroups

56. Y haplogroup distribution

57. Mitochondrial DNA

58. mtDNA haplogroups

59. Exodus

60. Mitochondrial Eve

61. Mutations
 Ellis-vanCreveld

62. Blood Groups

63. Blood Type Distribution

64. CCR5-∆-32
 Plague survivors
 HIV resistance

65. Human migration

66. Fertile Crescent

67. Agricultural centers

68. Agricultural centers
 Access to fresh water
 Temperate climate
 Domesticable flora & fauna

69. Domestication
 Dominance hierarchy (herds)
 Non-territorial
 Non-carnivorous, not aggressive
 Easy breeding in captivity

70. Domesticable Plants
 Edible, non-toxic
 Annual, high yield
 Seed broadcasting
 Use as material

71. Setbacks
 Droughts, Floods
 Competition
 Sanitation

72. Farming advantages
 Birth intervals
 Labor assistance

73. Lifestyle changes
 Hunter/gatherer farmer

74. Deadly Gifts
measles rinderpest

75. Species jumps
Measles Rinderpest
Smallpox Pox virus
Bird influenza influenza
FPLV Canine parvovirus
Distemper (dogs) Distemper (seals)

76. Dawn of Disease
 Increased contact time
 Animal labor
 Sanitation issues

77. Pathogens
 Girolamo Fracastro
“seeds too small to be seen”
 Pasteur
spontaneous generation
 Koch
microorganism <-> disease

78. Pathogenic classes
 Virus
 Bacteria
 Prion

79. Viruses
 Non-living
 DNA or RNA surrounded by protein
 Need host cell to propagate

80. Viral Replication

81. Viruses
 Flu
 Rabies
 HIV

82. Bacteria
 Cellular organism
 Characterized by size/shape
 Aerobic or anaerobic
 Cell division

83. Eukaryotic cell

84. Bacterial vs. viral size

85. Bacterial shapes

86. Mitosis

87. Bacteria
 Bubonic plague
 Legionnaires disease
 Heliobacter pylori

88. Prion
(proteinaceous infectious particle)
 Only protein
 Must be consumed
 Long incubation period

89. Prion

90. Mad cow disease

91. Scrapie

92. Progress of Disease
exposure incubation recovery

93. Defense
 1. Barrier
 2. Inflammation
 3. Memory

94. Barrier Defense
 Skin
 Gastrointestinal Tract
 Respiratory system

95. Inflammation Response
 Redness, swelling
 Fever
 Fatigue, weakness
 Histamine release

96. Memory (Immune system)
 Antigen --- Antibody

97. Phagocytosis

98. Memory (Immune system)
 Lymphocytes
B cells: must be activated
recognize and bind antigen
antibody - mediated
T cells: cell - mediated
find, bind, destroy

99. Lymphatic system

100. Modern Defenses
 Pasteurization, Refrigeration
 Vaccinations
 Antibiotics, Antiseptics

101. Active vs. Passive Immunity
 Active
Vaccines (disabled or killed viruses)
Life - long immunity
 Passive:
Immunoglobulins (Ig’s)
short term

102. Autoimmune Diseases
 Allergies
 Asthma
 Lupus Erythematosis
 Rheumatoid Arthritis