1. 1
Big Era Seven
Industrialization
and
Its Consequences
1750-1914 CE

2. 2
A package! I
love
packages!
Contents
under
pressure…I
wonder
what’s
inside?
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure

3. 3
The Modern Revolution
Communication
Democratic
Fossil
Politics
Fuels
Revolution
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CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure

4. 4
The Modern Revolution
Quite a
package! But
how did these
changes get
all bundled up
together?
Communication
Revolution
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels

5. 5
For starters, in Big
Era Seven human
population was
increasing faster
than ever before!

6. 6
World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

7. 7
But the
World Population in
growth was
not equal
everywhere!
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1750 1850 1900
Millions
Big Era Seven

8. 8
World Population of People of European
Descent in Europe, the United States,
and Canada combined.
Year Population in
Millions
% of World
Population
1750 141 19.3
1850 292 25.0
1900 482 30.0
For example, the population of European
descent in these three regions grew
significantly between 1750 and 1900.

9. 9
Growth of the Population of
Boston
1690 - 7,000
1790 - 18,038
158%
1900 - 560,892
3,010%

10. 10
Not only was
the human
population
growing, it
was moving.

11. 11
Migration from Europe
from 1750 or earlier
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12. 12
Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
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13. 13
Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
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14. 14
Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
1820-1930
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1811-1870
1,900,000
Asians overseas
1850-1920
2,500,000

15. 15
But a growing
population
meant that
human need for
resources—for
energy—was
growing, too.
And humans
dealt with
this need by
using fossil
fuels. Watch!

16. 16
Small wax candle,
800 BCE
5 watts

17. 17
Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE
100,000 watts

18. 18
The Modern Revolution
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Communication
Revolution
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels
That’s in
the
Package!

19. 19
The Fossil Fuel Revolution
The biological old regime
ends when vast new sources
of energy come into use:
Coal
Electricity
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear

20. 20
By taking
energy from
fossil fuels like
coal instead of
biomass like
wood…

21. 22
and with
better and
better steam
engines to
harness coal’s
energy…

22. 23
Power loom weaving
Lancashire, 1835
People could
produce more
efficiently.

23. 24
In Britain coal
mines were close to
factories and cities.
In China coal mines
were far from
factories and cities.
How might history
have been different
if the closest
sources of coal
available to Britain
were, say, in the
Carpathian
Mountains of
southeastern
Europe?

24. 26
Robert Fulton’s
Clermont steamship
1807
And travel
more
quickly.

25. 27
George Stephenson’s
“Rocket” steam
locomotive
1829
And travel
more
quickly

26. 28
The increasing
power of steam
engines in Big
Era Seven

27. 29
The Industrial
Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in
production and
transportation

28. 30
The Industrial
Revolution allowed
for new global
economic
relationships.

29. 31
Egypt
Russia
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
U.S.A.
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial
economies
India

30. 32
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Textile exports from industrial
to agrarian economies

31. 33
Old limits on
how much
energy people
could use were
gone!
And in Big Era
Seven people
tore down
other limits
too…

32. 34
Adam Smith argued
for ideas like these in
his book The Wealth
of Nations (1776).
New economic ideas
• People should be
able to buy and
sell land freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell labor freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell goods freely.

33. 35
But what did
governments
need to do to
make these
ideas work?
Sounds
great!
New economic ideas
• People should be
able to buy and
sell land freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell labor freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell goods freely.

34. 36
Improve
public health.
Build railroads,
ports, and
telegraphs.
Standardize
weights and
measures.

35. 37
Antiseptic
medicine
1867
Transcontinental
railroad
1869
Metric system
1790

36. 38
In Big Era
Seven,
government
played a greater
role than
ever before in
people’s lives.
And while that
happened,
people’s ideas
about
government
changed, too!

37. 39
Tom Paine argued for
these ideas in
Common Sense
(1775)
New political ideas:
•People should be
free to choose their
government.
•Government
should protect
people’s liberties.
•People should
have equal rights.

38. 40
Sounds
democratic!
New political ideas
•A nation should be
free to choose its
government.
•Government
should protect
people’s liberties.
•People should
have equal rights.

39. Communication
41
The Modern Revolution
Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels
It’s in
the
package
too!

40. 42
Governments
created
representative
institutions.
Governments
wrote
constitutions.
Governments
promoted
education.

41. 43
French National
Assembly
1789
United States
Constitution
1787
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for
Public Education 1869

42. 44
What happened if
governments
wouldn’t make
these changes
themselves?

43. 45
Change the
government!
The Atlantic
Revolutions
United
States 1776
France
1789
Venezuela
Haiti 1791 1811

44. 46
In each
country,
people
struggled
over liberty,
equality, and
nationalism.
United
States 1776
France
1789
Venezuela
Haiti 1791 1811

45. 47
Ascendancy of
Liberalism
What was it in the
19th century?

46. 48
Ascendancy of Liberalism
Are the political and economic tendencies in
these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
• Rational thought and
behavior
• Civil freedoms and legal
equality
• Rule of law
• Constitutional and limited
government
• The right to vote and be
educated
• Technical and scientific
progress
• Free market economy
• Nationalism that
advances the community
of nations
• Enhancement of state
power and centralization
• Increased state military
and police power
• State-managed social
welfare
• More efficient taxation
• State economic
management
• Larger-scale economic
enterprise
• Imperial conquest and
authoritarian rule over
colonized
• Exclusivist or xenophobic
nationalism

47. 49
Were these four 19th-century
leaders champions of Liberalism?
Napoleon
Bonaparte
1799-1815
William
Gladstone
1868-94
Mahmud II
1808-1839
Porfirio Díaz
1876-1911

48. 50
So much
was
changing
so fast…
How could
people
keep up?

49. 51
People moved more quickly.
Ideas moved more quickly.

50. 52
The
Steamboat Railroad
Communication
Revolution
Newspaper Transatlantic cable

51. 53
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel:
 Walking - 5 km
 Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
 Railway locomotive (1847) -
96 km
 Normannia steamship (1890) -
40 km
 French rapid train - 297 km
 Jet plane - 1000 km

52. 54
Railway Development in Europe
Ü1840
Ü1850

53. 55
Railway Development in Europe
1880

54. 56
Railway Construction in India
1853-1931

55. 57
The Modern Revolution
Communication
Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels
Communication!
It’s in the
package!

56. 58
The Modern Revolution meant
powerful economic growth in the
$3,000,000.00
$2,500,000.00
$2,000,000.00
$1,500,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$500,000.00
$0.00
world as a whole.
1700 1820 1870 1913
World Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990

57. 59
Powerful
, but not
equal.
The countries
which
modernized
first used it to
their
advantage.

58. 60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
The Modern Revolution shifted the
world’s economic center.
1700 1820 1870 1913
Eur./N.A
Asia
Percentage of World GDP
Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

59. 61
After the Modern Revolution, much more
food went on the world market…
India, 1877

60. 62
and it was often shipped to where
it got the highest price,
India, 1877

61. 63
not to where it was needed most.

62. 64
And industrial
technology
could be used
not only to
create, but to
destroy.

63. 65
And more of the world was colonized
than ever before.

64. 66
Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48

65. 67
The European Moment
Land surface of the world
controlled by Europeans:
•1800 35%
•1878 67%
•1914 88%
But . . . duration of European world
domination in the past 2000 years:
80
yrs

66. 68
Some elites
around the
world tried to
adopt parts of
the Modern
Revolution to
strengthen
Egypt Japan
their own
governments.
Russia Mexico

67. 69
Modernize the
army.
Modernize the
Egypt Japan
economy.
Maintain
independence.
Russia Mexico

68. 70
The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Communication
Revolution
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels
But the
Modern
Revolution
comes in a
package!

69. 71
Once you
open the
package,
you open
the whole
thing!
The Modern Revolution
Communication
Democratic
Fossil
Politics
Fuels
Revolution
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure

70. 72
People who
traveled to learn
about one part of
the Modern
Revolution, like
fossil fuels,….

71. 73
also learned about the
democratic part of the
Modern Revolution.

72. 74
And they didn’t keep the ideas
to themselves. They
communicated them, because it
was all part of the package.

73. 75
And powerful
elites who wanted
to modernize in
some ways did not
count on people
demanding the
democratic part of
the package.

74. 76
The Modern Revolution
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure
Communication
Revolution
Democratic
Politics
Fossil
Fuels
I get
it!

75. 77
To: Mundo
CAUTION:
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Pressure

76. 78
The Modern
Revolution
promises
many things
to many
people.
No wonder
the
package is
under
pressure!

77. 79
And once
To:
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CAUTION:
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Pressure
the
package
is
opened,
the
whole
world
jumps in!

78. 80
To:
Mundo
CAUTION:
Contents Under
Pressure

79. 81
Big Era Seven
The End