1. Earth ScienceSecond Grade Ariel Kaiserman

2. Landforms Mountains Plains Plateaus Valleys Hills

4. Rocky mountains and Appalachian mountains

6. Plateaus Elevated level land surrounded by steep slopes About 45% of Earth’s surface Low: farming, high: livestock grazing

7. Valleys Surface depressions bounded by mountains or hills Naturally slopes downward to lakes, streams, ocean V-shaped: river erosion U-shaped: Ice berg

8. Hills Rounded slopes, “baby mountains” Spread out in all other landforms Caused by surface movement, deep erosion

9. Slow Surface Changes Natural, slowly and gradually (over time) Erosion Surface materials changed by Wind/Water/Animals No large difference in appearance

10. Rapid Surface Changes All at once, not gradual Landslides, Volcanic Eruptions, and Earthquakes Major difference in appearance Forms new land, mountains, valleys

11. Landslides Mountains / Hills Starts at top and grows Soil moisture, angle of slope, construction Landslide Example

12. Volcanic Eruptions Many kinds of volcanoes (composite, shield, caldera) Opening in Earth’s crust, magma comes through “Paint drawing” Hawaiian Islands Volcanic Eruption in Hawaii

13. Earthquakes Caused by sudden movement of Earth’s crust Measured with a Seismometer (3-small, 7-serious damage) Earthquake description

14. Water Sources: Wells Structure drilled/dug under ground Comes from an aquifer (layer of water)

15. Springs Groundwater flows out of cracks in Earth’s surface Amount: size of area and human interaction Usually clear, sometimes colored by iron deposits

16. Lakes Freshwater surrounded by land Deeper than a pond, not part of the Ocean Great Lakes of Michigan

17. Rivers Narrow, freshwater, always flowing Flows toward lakes, oceans, or seas Longest river: The Nile (4,135 Mi)

18. Oceans All salt water 70% of Earth’s surface Four main: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

19. Credits Woodley Wonderworks, “Blue Marble (Planet Earth)” Taken on January 26, 2008 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Daveynin, “Prairie dog eating grass” Taken on June 22, 2010 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Lee Coursey, “Mountain Goat on the Highline Trail” Taken on August 23, 2009 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Kiwins, “Humboldt Mountains, South Island, New Zealand” Taken on March 10, 2007 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Rob Young, “Rape Seed Growing on Salisbury Plain” Taken on April 28, 2008 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Andrew Crump, “Narrowneck Plateau” Taken on January 29, 2008 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Wolfgang Staudt, “BIG RED” Taken on July 20, 2006 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Alex Polezhaev, “Ak-Tru” Taken on May 10, 2009 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Kota Kinabalu, “The “Back” of Kokol Hill, Sabah” Taken on June 1, 2010 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution KashifMardani, “Marvi Well” Taken on March 8, 2009 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Zecharia Judy, “Warm River Spring in TargheeFeathered” Taken on June 4, 2009 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution NASA, “Great Lakes, No Clouds” Taken on August 28, 2010 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Nicholas, “River View” Taken on June 15, 2008 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution Hamed Saber, “Welcoming Persian Gulf” Taken on November 7, 2007 Via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution