21. The Effect of Vitamin D 3 on Insulin Secretion and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). ENDOCRINE SOCIETY NEW ORLEANS 2004 The Effect of Vitamin D 3 on Insulin Secretion and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). K. Kotsa, A. Papazisi, I. Spanopoulos, I. Giovos; Endocrinology and Diabetes, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. EASD MUNICH 2004 Kalliopi Kotsa , Maria P . Yavropoulou , Olympia Anastasiou , John G . Yovos . “ Role of vitamin D treatment in glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome” Fertility Sterility 2008 Oct 16.
34. Ερευνητής Φύλο Ηλικία Πληθυσμός Παράμετρος Αποτέλεσμα Orwoll, 1994 M/F 40–70 N Ι DM type 2 (n = 20) FPG 25-OHD not associated with FPG Baynes, 1997 M 76 Nondiabetics (n = 142) FPG, 2hPG 25-OHD not associated with FPG or 2hPG Wareham, 1997 M/F 40–65 Nondiabetics (n= 1,057) IGT (2hPG) OR 1.00, 1.03 (1.01–1.05) Chiu, 2004 M/F 26 Nondiabetics (n = 126) FPG, 2hPG 25-OHD inversely associated with 1hPG, 2hPG; 25-OHD not associated with FPG Scragg, 2004 M/F >20 NHANES (n = 2,766 non-Hispanic whites) Type 2 DM (FPG) 25-OHD inversely associated with IR (HOMA)
35.
36. Ερευνητής Φύλο Ηλικία Πληθυσμός Δόση Παράμετρος Αποτέλεσμα Liu, 2005 (66 ) F >45 Women’s Health Study, 10,066/NR > 511 vs <159 U/d Type 2 DM (validated self-report) % of cohort with type 2 DM, 5.6 and 2.7 Pittas, 2006(52 ) F 46 Nurses Health Study, 83,779/4,843 >800 vs 200 IU/d Type 2 DM (validated self-report) Relative risk, 1.00, 0.87 (0.69–1.09)
40. ΒΙΤΑΜΙΝΗ D KAI ΜΕΤΑΒΟΛΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΓΛΥΚΟΖΗΣ Στάδια 25(ΟΗ) D 3 Αύξηση PTH Οστικός μεταβολισμός nmol/liter ng/ml Ήπια έλλειψη βιταμίνης D ή ανεπάρκεια 25-50 (75) 10-20 (30) 15% Φυσιολογικός ή αυξημένος Μέτρια έλλειψη βιταμίνης D 12,5-25 5-10 15-30% Αυξημένος Σοβαρή έλλειψη βιταμίνης D <12,5 <5 >30% Διαταραχή επιμετάλλωσης ή και αληθής οστεομαλακία
Endocrine and autocrine or paracrine functions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D). The kidneys serve as the endocrine organ to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to 1,25(OH)2D. 1,25(OH)2D carries out its calcium-regulating functions for bone health by stimulating intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption. The circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D can also potentially influence the activity of other tissues and cells that have a vitamin D receptor (VDR) and have no function in regulating calcium homeostasis and bone health. These include, among others, the heart skeletal muscle, active T and B lymphocytes, breast, colon, and prostate. In addition, a multitude of in vitro studies with human and animal cells have shown that most tissues and cells not only express the VDR but also express the same 1α-hydroxylase as the kidney. Thus, it has been suggested that most cells, including lung, colon, prostate, and breast, locally produce 1,25(OH)2D3 to help regulate a variety of cellular functions including growth and differentiation. This may help explain the epidemiological evidence that sun exposure at lower altitudes and higher serum levels of 25(OH)D are related to a decreased risk of a wide variety of chronic illnesses. It has been speculated that when 25(OH)D levels are above 30 ng/mL this serves as the substrate for the external 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase to produce 1,25(OH)2D in the colon, prostate, breast, and lung to modulate cell growth and reduce risk of the cells becoming malignant.