SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 6
Download to read offline
šš¸É 1
šœÎµ
‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¤µÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Šž{®µ
‡ªµ¤Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÂ¨³‡ªµ¤Á‹¦·„oµª®œoµ…°ŠÁš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸­¤´¥Ä®¤n Áž}œ­nªœ­Îµ‡´š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o
‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤˜o°Šž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ¨³¡´•œµ˜œÁ°ŠÄ®oš´œ˜n°„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Šš´ÊŠ®¨µ¥ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠ
šµŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µ˜o°Šž¦´ž¦»ŠÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®o‡œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Ä®o­°—‡¨o°Š„´­ ™µœ„µ¦–r˜nµŠ Ç
š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ —oª¥Á®˜»œ¸Êœ´„„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹¹ŠÅ—o¡¥µ¥µ¤ž¦´ž¦»Š®¨´„­¼˜¦Äœ¦³—´˜nµŠ Ç Ä®oÅ—o¤µ˜¦“µœ
Á¡ºÉ°Áž}œ®¨´„Äœ„µ¦œÎµÅžÄo„ož{®µÂ¨³—εÁœ·œ¸ª·˜Äœ­´Š‡¤š¸ÉÁž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š°¥¼n˜¨°—Áª¨µ
„µ¦«¹„¬µÁž}œ„¦³ªœ„µ¦š¸É­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦¡´•œµ‡œÄ®o¤¸‡»–£µ¡ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³ž¦´˜´ª°¥nµŠ
¦¼oÁšnµš´œ„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š˜nµŠ Ç ¦nª¤„´„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µÄœÂœªšµŠš¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤˜µ¤‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦
šµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ ­´Š‡¤ „µ¦Á¤º°Š ¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤˜nµŠ Ç …°Šž¦³Áš« Ž¹ÉŠ‹³nª¥­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r
‡ªµ¤Á‹¦·„oµª®œoµÄ®o„n­´Š‡¤Åš¥ —´Šœ´Êœ ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 254 2
‹¹Š„ε®œ—ÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦ž’·¦¼ž„µ¦«¹„¬µ ץĮo‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´­¼Š­»—„´„µ¦ž’·¦¼ž„¦³ªœ„µ¦
Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o×¥¥¹—Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ­Îµ‡´ Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÅ—o¡´•œµÁ˜È¤˜µ¤«´„¥£µ¡ ­µ¤µ¦™Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÅ—o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š
¦¼o‹´„­ªŠ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÅ—o°¥nµŠ˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š˜¨°—¸ª·˜ š´ÊŠœ¸Ê­™µœ«¹„¬µ‹³˜o°Š®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦‹´—
„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É­°—‡¨o°Š„´‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³‡ªµ¤™œ´—…°ŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ ž¨¼„ {Š‡»–›¦¦¤
‹¦·¥›¦¦¤ Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ‡œš¸É­¤¼¦–r ‡º° Áž}œ‡œ—¸ ‡œÁ„nŠ ¨³¤¸‡ªµ¤­»…°¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š
¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2542 („¦¤ª·µ„µ¦, 2542, ®œoµ 21)
Å—o„¨nµª™¹ŠÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µÅªoªnµ „µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oĜæŠÁ¦¸¥œ‹³˜o°Š¤¸„¦³ªœ„µ¦
¨³ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É®¨µ„®¨µ¥ Ÿ¼o­°œ‹³˜o°Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š¡´•œµ„µ¦šµŠ­˜·ž{µ ª·›¸„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹
Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ˜œÁ°ŠÅ—o°¥nµŠÁ®¤µ³­¤„´ª´¥ „µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‹³˜o°Š­œ°Š‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦…°Š
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ°¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š ‡¦¼˜o°ŠÁ…oµÄ‹›¦¦¤µ˜·…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ „µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤‡ª¦Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤
Áœoœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤­£µ¡‹¦·Š Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¦nª¤„´œ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‹µ„
›¦¦¤µ˜· „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‹µ„„µ¦ž’·´˜·‹¦·Š „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¼¦–µ„µ¦ ¨³„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‡¼n‡»–›¦¦¤
Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÅž­¼nÁžjµ®¤µ¥°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ ˜nÄœ­£µ¡‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š „µ¦
‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄœÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÅ—ož¦³­„´ž{®µ¤µ„¤µ¥Ž¹ÉŠÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅž˜µ¤­£µ¡
2
‡ªµ¤¡¦o°¤Â¨³…œµ—…°ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œ š´ÊŠÄœ­£µ¡Âª—¨o°¤¦°®o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œ ˜´ªœ´„Á¦¸¥œ ˜´ª‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ
¦ª¤™¹Š „¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Ž¹ÉŠž{®µÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨™¹Š‡»–£µ¡„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÃ—¥˜¦Š
(¤–œ·£µ »˜·»˜¦, 2536, ®œoµ 9)
„¦³ªœ„µ¦®œ¹ÉŠš¸É­µ¤µ¦™nª¥®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ
‡º° „µ¦šÎµª·‹´¥ Ž¹ÉŠ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2542 Å—o„¨nµªÅªoªnµ „µ¦šÎµª·‹´¥
Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¨³®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544 ¥´ŠÅ—o
„¨nµª™¹Š „µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°ŠŸ¼oÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š —´ŠÁnœ «¹„¬µ ‡oœ‡ªoµ ª·‹´¥ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ
­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÄ®o­°—‡¨o°Š„´„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o…°Š œ´„Á¦¸¥œ Ä®o‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œœÎµ„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥¤µ
Ÿ­¤Ÿ­µœ®¦º°¼¦–µ„µ¦ÄoÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ‡»–£µ¡…°Š œ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o
œ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ­µ¤µ¦™Äo„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o Äœ„µ¦šÎµ
ª·‹´¥¤¸œ´„„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ¨³œ´„ª·‹´¥®¨µ¥šnµœÅ—ošÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µª·‹´¥„´œ°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ…ªµŠ Á¡ºÉ°®µª·›¸Â„ož{®µ
Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Šµ˜·
Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ´Êœ­µ¤µ¦™Á…oµÅžÂ„ož{®µÅ—o˜nÁ¡¸¥ŠµŠ­nªœ Á¡¦µ³ž{®µš¸É¤¸°¥¼n„´¦·šš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ
Äœ…–³š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Â˜n¨³Â®nŠœ´ÊœÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ®¨µ¥­™µ´œšµŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µ¥´Š®´œ¤µÄ®o
‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®o¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡¤µ„
¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ
æŠÁ¦¸¥œ ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ Å—oÄ®o‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´
…°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÁž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ Ž¹ÉŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œœ¸ÊÁž}œÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œš¸É°¥¼nÄœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ —¼Â¨
Äœ®œnª¥ ­Îµœ´„ŠµœÁ…˜¡ºÊœš¸É„µ¦«¹„¬µ¨ÎµžµŠ Á…˜ 1 ­´Š„´—­Îµœ´„Šµœ‡–³„¦¦¤„µ¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ
…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ „¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦ Ážd——εÁœ·œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦
˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦…°ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œ¦ª¤ 2 ¦³—´´Êœ ‡º° ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œ˜oœ (nªŠ´Êœš¸É 3) ¨³¦³—´
¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œž¨µ¥ (nªŠ´Êœš¸É 4) ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nže¡»š›«´„¦µ 2504 Áž}œ˜oœ¤µ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Äœ“µœ³‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ
ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ Äœ¦³—´´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 ¨³¦³—´´Êœ
¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 3ץčo®¨´„­¼˜¦‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r …°ŠšµŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÄœ„µ¦­°œ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o‹´—®¨´„­¼˜¦Ä®o
˜¦Š˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544
×¥š´ÉªÅž„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Äœ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 Áž}œª·µ®œ¹ÉŠ
š¸É¡ž{®µÄœ—oµœ‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ÄœÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡n°œ…oµŠ˜Éε Á¡¦µ³Áž}œ
nªŠ˜n°¦³®ªnµŠ¦³—´ž¦³™¤«¹„¬µ„´¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œ˜oœ ‹µ„„µ¦š¸ÉŸ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o¨„Áž¨¸É¥œ
‡ªµ¤‡·—Á®ÈœÂ¨³ž¦³­„µ¦–r„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦ršnµœ°ºÉœ Ç ˜¨°—‹œ 0 Å0 —o¡¼—‡»¥
Ž´„™µ¤„´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ ž¦³­„´ž{®µÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ„¸É¥ª„´ÁœºÊ°®µ
3
˜nµŠ Ç ¤µ„œo°¥Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ˜nÁœºÊ°®µ®œ¹ÉŠš¸Éž¦³­ž{®µ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ‡º° Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ¡ªnµ
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¥´Š¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É‹ÎµÁž}œÅ¤nÁ¡¸¥Š¡°˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ °¥nµŠÁnœ …o°‡ªµ¤ 6
‡¼–„´‹Îµœªœ‹Îµœªœ®œ¹ÉŠ œ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™Á…¸¥œÄ®o°¥¼nÄœ¦¼ž­´¨´„¬–rÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—oÁ¦¸¥œ¦¼o
¤µÂ¨oªÄœ¦³—´ž¦³™¤«¹„¬µ „µ¦…µ—‡ªµ¤Â¤nœ¥ÎµÄœ„µ¦ª„¨³„µ¦¨‹ÎµœªœÁ˜È¤ Ánœ 5 + (–3)
= 8, 4 – (–3) = 1, (–5) + (–5) = 0 Áž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— Ž¹ÉŠž{®µÁ®¨nµœ¸ÊÁž}œ¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É­Îµ‡´°¸„—oª¥
¦ª¤š´ÊŠ „µ¦…µ—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Äœ­¤´˜·„µ¦‡¼–¨³„µ¦®µ¦Á¨…¥„„ε¨´ŠÂ¨³­¤´˜·„µ¦Â‹„‹Š
œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ¥´Š¡ªnµœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸ÉŸ·—Á„¸É¥ª„´œ·¡‹œrš¸ÉÁž}œÁ°„œµ¤Â¨³œ·¡‹œrš¸ÉŤn
Áž}œÁ°„œµ¤ —¸„¦¸…°ŠÁ°„œµ¤Â¨³¡®»œµ¤ Ánœ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ°„ªnµ –5xy2
ŤnÁž}œÁ°„œµ¤ ץĮo
Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµ ‡nµ‡Š˜´ª…°Šœ·¡‹œrœ¸ÊÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ¨ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— ¨³¤¸œ´„Á¦¸¥œš¸É˜°ªnµ –5xy2
‹µ„ž{®µÂ¨³­µÁ®˜»…oµŠ˜oœ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ—oµœ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š
‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ š¦µªnµž{®µ—´Š„¨nµª­µ¤µ¦™Â„oÅ…Å—o×¥„µ¦ž¦´„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š
‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÄ®oÁ®¤µ³­¤„´­£µ¡œ´„Á¦¸¥œ čoª·›¸„µ¦­°œÂ¨³­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ
š¸É®¨µ„®¨µ¥Äœ„µ¦nª¥­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³„¦³ªœ„µ¦‡·—ÄœÁœºÊ°®µ
œ´Êœ Ç „¦³˜»oœÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o‡oœ¡‡ªµ¤¦¼o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o™µ¤ –˜° ¨³
¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®o¤µ„…¹Êœ ¨³‹¦·¥µ Á®œ¸¥œÁŒ¨¥ ( 2536, ®œoµ 117)
Å—o„¨nµªªnµ „µ¦Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³„°„µ¦­°œÃ—¥„µ¦œÎµÁ°µ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ®¨µ¥ Ç °¥nµŠ¤µ­´¤¡´œ›r
Áž}œÁ°„œµ¤ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸É™¼„˜o°Š ˜nÁ°„œµ¤œ¸Ê¤¸—¸„¦¸ ‡º° 2 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— Á®ÈœÅ—oªnµ
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ…oµÄ‹Äœ®¨´„„µ¦Äœ­µ¦³œ´Êœ Ç ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ „µ¦¤¸…o°Ÿ·—¡¨µ—Äœ„µ¦‡Îµœª–®µŸ¨¨´¡›r
Á„¸É¥ª„´¡®»œµ¤ Ánœ 5xy + (–4xy) = 9xy, 5(2x + 3y) = 10x + 3y, (2x+5) – (5x + 3) = 3x +2
Áž}œ˜oœ ­·ÉŠš¸É„¨nµª¤µ…oµŠ˜oœœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨„¦³š˜n°Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ ‡º°šÎµÄ®oŸ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ
„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÁ„¸É¥ª„´¡®»œµ¤‡n°œ…oµŠ˜Éε
Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o«¹„¬µÂ¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r™¹Š­µÁ®˜»š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÄœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ Ž¹ÉŠ­µÁ®˜»
…°Šž{®µœnµ‹³Á„·—‹µ„‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œÅ¤nÅ—o˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤¦¼o¡ºÊœ“µœÂ¨³…µ—„µ¦ššªœ‡ªµ¤¦¼o
¡ºÊœ“µœÁ—·¤„n°œœÎµÁ­œ°ÁœºÊ°®µÄ®¤nĜ˜n¨³ÁœºÊ°®µ čo„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥Â¨³°›·µ¥ÁœºÊ°®µ˜µ¤®œ´Š­º°
Á¦¸¥œÂ¨oªÁ…¸¥œœ„¦³—µœ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ‹³Áœoœ„µ¦‹ÎµÄœ­·ÉŠš¸É‡¦¼Â­—ŠÄ®o—¼Áž}œ˜´ª°¥nµŠ šÎµÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ
…µ—„µ¦‡·— ¨³…µ—„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³„°„µ¦­°œš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³
„¦³ªœ„µ¦˜nµŠ ÇÄœÁœºÊ°®µ „µ¦Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o™µ¤ –˜°Â¨³¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ„·‹„¦¦¤
„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œœo°¥¤µ„ ­·ÉŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨„¦³š˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÁž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ šÎµÄ®o
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡n°œ…oµŠ˜É娳¤¸‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r¨—œo°¥¨Š
Á„·—‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°®œnµ¥ Ťn°¥µ„Á¦¸¥œ Ťn¤¸‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÂ¨³Å¤n­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ
4
„´œÂ¨³¤¸‡»–‡nµš¸É­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ž¹ÉŠ„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°®µ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Äœ…–³š¸É
°¸„°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄoÁ¡ºÉ°°›·µ¥…o°ÁšÈ‹‹¦·Š…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³°¸„œ·—°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹
š¸É¨¹„Ž¹ÊŠÅ—o ž¦³®¥´— ‹·¦³ª¦¡Š«r Å—o„¨nµªªnµ ­ºÉ°Â˜n¨³°¥nµŠ¥n°¤¤¸—¸ÄœÂ˜n¨³°¥nµŠ Ťn¤¸­ºÉ°œ·—Ä—
Ä®oŸ¨—¸°¥nµŠ­¤¼¦–r „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¥n°¤˜o°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ¡§˜·„¦¦¤š´ÊŠ­µ¤—oµœ ‡º° ‡ªµ¤¦¼o š´„¬³
¨³Á‹˜‡˜· ‹¹Š˜o°Š°µ«´¥„µ¦¼¦–µ„µ¦‹µ„­ºÉ°š¸É­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®oÁ„·—Ÿ¨—¸š´ÊŠ­µ¤—oµœ
„µ¦ž¦´„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ—´Š„¨nµª ­µ¤µ¦™—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Å—o®¨µ¥ª·›¸
Ž¹ÉŠª·›¸„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤Ã—¥Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ Áž}œÂœªšµŠ®œ¹ÉŠš¸É­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÁž}œÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦ž¦´
„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÅ—o „¨nµª‡º° „µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ Á¡¦µ³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o
‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ÁœºÊ°®µšÁ¦¸¥œš¸É¥»nŠ¥µ„Ž´Žo°œÅ—oŠnµ¥…¹ÊœÄœ¦³¥³Áª¨µ°´œ­´ÊœÂ¨³­µ¤µ¦™nª¥Ä®oÁ„·—
‡ªµ¤‡·—¦ª¥°—ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Šœ´Êœ Ç °¥nµŠ™¼„˜o°ŠÂ¨³¦ª—Á¦Èª nª¥„¦³˜»oœÂ¨³­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Ä®o„´
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ šÎµÄ®o¦¼o­¹„­œ»„­œµœÂ¨³Å¤nÁºÉ°®œnµ¥Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ
„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¤µ„…¹Êœ šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¤œ»¬¥r­´¤¡´œ›r°´œ—¸Äœ¦³®ªnµŠœ´„Á¦¸¥œ—oª¥„´œ
nª¥Á­¦·¤­¦oµŠ¨´„¬–³š¸É—¸Äœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡oœ‡ªoµ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼o¨³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤‡·—­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r
‹µ„„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°Á®¨nµœ´Êœ nª¥Â„ož{®µÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨ ×¥‹´—Ä®o¤¸„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°Äœ
„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¦µ¥»‡‡¨ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ¥´Šnª¥Äœ„µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œŸ¨„µ¦­°œÂ¨³„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š„µ¦
Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ°¸„—oª¥
„µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ¦¼žÂ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸É­µ¤µ¦™
—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Åž¡¦o°¤„´„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤ž„˜· ­µ¤µ¦™‡oœ®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µ
š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÄœ…–³ž’·´˜·„µ¦­°œÁ¡ºÉ°œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡
­°—‡¨o°Š„´ Arends (°oµŠÄœ —ªŠ®š´¥ „µ«ª·¼¨¥r, 2548, ®œoµ 25) Å—o„¨nµªªnµ ×¥š´ÉªÅžÂ¨oª
„µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁ¦·É¤˜oœ—oª¥­™µœ„µ¦–rÄœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œš¸É‡¦¼¡ªnµÁž}œž{®µ®¦º°
ŤnÁž}œš¸Éœnµ¡°Ä‹Â¨³‡·—ªnµ‡ª¦¤¸„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oÅ… Ž¹ÉŠ„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ž¦³„°—oª¥ „µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ
ž{®µÂ¨³ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦­º‡oœ „µ¦¨Š¤º°ž’·´˜·Â¨³Á„ȝ¦ª¦ª¤…o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÅ—o‹µ„„µ¦ž’·´˜· ×¥„µ¦
­´ŠÁ„˜„µ¦–r¨³­³šo°œ‡·—˜n°…ªœ„µ¦š´ÊŠ®¤— „n°œš¸É‹³¥o°œ„¨´Åžž¦´ÂŸœÄ®¤n ¨³
—εÁœ·œ„µ¦­º‡oœ˜n°Åž Ž¹ÉŠ„ȇº°„µ¦„¨´Á…oµ­¼nªŠ‹¦„µ¦ª·‹´¥°¸„‡¦´ÊŠœ´ÊœÁ°Š ×¥…ªœ„µ¦œ¸Ê‹³Á„·—…¹Êœ
°¥nµŠ˜n°ÁœºÉ°ŠÅž‹œ„ªnµŸ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜·‹³Áž}œš¸É¡°Ä‹ —´Šœ´Êœ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤ž¦³­Š‡rš¸É‹³—εÁœ·œ„µ¦
ª·‹´¥ ץčo¦³Á¸¥ª·›¸„µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œ˜µ¤Â‹Îµ¨°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦š¸ÉœÎµÁ­œ°Ã—¥
Kemmis and McTaggart (°oµŠÄœ Ÿn°Š¡¦¦– ˜¦´¥¤Š‡¨„¼¨, 2544 , ®œoµ 33) Ž¹ÉŠž¦³„°—oª¥
3 …´Êœ˜°œ ‡º° …´ÊœªµŠÂŸœ (Plan) …´Êœž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¨³­´ŠÁ„˜Ÿ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜· ( Act and observe) ¨³
5
…´Êœ­³šo°œŸ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜· ( Reflect) ×¥¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ
‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r¨³«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÄœ—oµœŸ¨­´¤§š›·Í
šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´
œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ °´œ‹³Áž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦‹´—
„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄœÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÄ®o¤¸ž¦³­·š›·Í£µ¡¤µ„¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ
ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥
„µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r
1. Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤
­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ
2. Á¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤
ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ
Äœ—oµœ
2.1 Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ
2.2 ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
…°Á…˜…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥
„¨»n¤š¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ
„¨»n¤š¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê Áž}œœ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥œ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
Á¡·É¤Á˜·¤ že„µ¦«¹„¬µ 2552 æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ
ÁœºÊ°®µ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥
ÁœºÊ°®µš¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê Áž}œª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤
„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ×¥‹³«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
Äœ—oµœŸ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤
­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ ˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ
¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544
6
œ·¥µ¤«´¡šrÁŒ¡µ³
„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ®¤µ¥™¹Š „µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ
„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oŸ¨­´¤§š›·Í šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³
‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ÅžÄœšµŠš¸É—¸…¹Êœ
­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ®¤µ¥™¹Š ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ®¨µ¥ Ç °¥nµŠ ¤µ­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÂ¨³¤¸‡»–‡nµ
š¸É­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ž¹ÉŠ„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°®µ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Äœ…–³š¸É°¸„°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄo
Á¡ºÉ°°›·µ¥…o°ÁšÈ‹‹¦·Š…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³°¸„œ·—°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸É¨¹„Ž¹ÊŠ Å—o„n ­ºÉ°Á„¤
­ºÉ°´˜¦‡Îµ ­ºÉ°ÂŸnœ£µ¡Â¨³­ºÉ°ž’·´˜·„¦³ÁºÊ°Š¡¸‡–·˜ ­ºÉ°Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸
ž¦³­„µ¦–r‹µ„ž¦³­µš­´¤Ÿ´­š¸ÉŸ­¤Ÿ­µœ„´œ Å—o‡oœ¡ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É‹³Á¦¸¥œÄœ­·ÉŠš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦Å—o—oª¥
˜œÁ°Š¤µ„¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ
Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ ®¤µ¥™¹Š ‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸Éª´—Å—o‹µ„‡³Âœœ„µ¦šÎµÂ f„®´—
š—­°ª´—Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œš¸ÉŸ¼oª·‹´¥­¦oµŠ…¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³®œnª¥ ¨³®¨´Š‹µ„š¸Éœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o
Á¦¸¥œ‹šÁ¦¸¥œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤
‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ®¤µ¥™¹Š ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„°˜n°­·ÉŠÄ—­·ÉŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ
‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ¨³‹³„¦³šÎµ˜n°­·ÉŠœ´Êœ—oª¥‡ªµ¤Á˜È¤Ä‹ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦¦¨»‹»—¤»nŠ®¤µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠª´—
—oª¥„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¡§˜·„¦¦¤šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ—oµœ ‡ªµ¤¦´Ÿ·—°˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ¨³„µ¦Ä i¦¼o ­ªŠ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÄœ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r
ž¦³Ã¥œrš¸ÉÅ—o¦´‹µ„„µ¦ª·‹´¥
1. Å—oŸœ„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤
­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ
2. Å—oÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°
ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ
3. Å—o…o°¤¼¨Äœ…–³šÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸ÉÁž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦®µª·›¸„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oÅ… š´ÊŠÄœ
…o°„¡¦n°Š‹µ„„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Â¨³…o°„¡¦n°Š…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ

More Related Content

What's hot

Ygt tamil
Ygt tamilYgt tamil
Ygt tamilbalu33
 
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)fujsjefksekmm
 
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madina
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madinaबरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madina
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to MadinaAhmed@3604
 
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolista
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolistaคู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolista
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolistaAlisara Maspat
 
09 janata ka_aaina (3)
09 janata ka_aaina (3)09 janata ka_aaina (3)
09 janata ka_aaina (3)Tanishq Verma
 
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020JagrukJanta
 
Bootu kaavyam-01-05
Bootu kaavyam-01-05Bootu kaavyam-01-05
Bootu kaavyam-01-05venkatesha9
 
ENC Times-May 13, 2018
ENC Times-May 13, 2018ENC Times-May 13, 2018
ENC Times-May 13, 2018ENC
 
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020JagrukJanta
 
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)Dada Bhagwan
 
ENC Times-February 19, 2018
ENC Times-February 19, 2018 ENC Times-February 19, 2018
ENC Times-February 19, 2018 ENC
 
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020JagrukJanta
 
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015Meri Property
 
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)Dada Bhagwan
 

What's hot (17)

Ygt tamil
Ygt tamilYgt tamil
Ygt tamil
 
Vol. 01 Iss. 24
Vol. 01 Iss. 24Vol. 01 Iss. 24
Vol. 01 Iss. 24
 
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)
John deere 3245 c lightweight fairway mower service repair manual (tm2105)
 
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madina
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madinaबरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madina
बरेली से मदीना_Bareilly to Madina
 
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolista
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolistaคู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolista
คู่มือการถ่ายภาพเบื้องต้น by a L i S * photolista
 
09 janata ka_aaina (3)
09 janata ka_aaina (3)09 janata ka_aaina (3)
09 janata ka_aaina (3)
 
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020
Jagruk janta 22 -28 jan 2020
 
Bootu kaavyam-01-05
Bootu kaavyam-01-05Bootu kaavyam-01-05
Bootu kaavyam-01-05
 
ENC Times-May 13, 2018
ENC Times-May 13, 2018ENC Times-May 13, 2018
ENC Times-May 13, 2018
 
Kerala Government Office Procedures- Need for Reforms
Kerala Government Office Procedures- Need for  ReformsKerala Government Office Procedures- Need for  Reforms
Kerala Government Office Procedures- Need for Reforms
 
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020
Jagruk janta 21- 27 oct 2020
 
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)
आप्तवाणी-२ (P-2)
 
Beti hai to kal hai- july 2016
Beti hai to kal hai- july 2016Beti hai to kal hai- july 2016
Beti hai to kal hai- july 2016
 
ENC Times-February 19, 2018
ENC Times-February 19, 2018 ENC Times-February 19, 2018
ENC Times-February 19, 2018
 
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020
Jagruk janta 15-21 april 2020
 
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015
"Meri Property" घर खरीदने की नयी जगह Best Property Fair - September 2015
 
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)
आप्तवाणी श्रेणी-९ (P-1)
 

Viewers also liked

El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiusso
El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiussoEl imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiusso
El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiussoAntonioCabrala
 
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from Norway
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from NorwayPowered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from Norway
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from NorwayBy Nature AS
 
Industria digitala 16
Industria digitala 16Industria digitala 16
Industria digitala 16Grupo Ate
 
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215Robin Gutell
 
Vivienda bioclimática
Vivienda bioclimáticaVivienda bioclimática
Vivienda bioclimáticaicaecua
 
Fuentes periodísticas
Fuentes periodísticasFuentes periodísticas
Fuentes periodísticasTatiana Montes
 
Design basis - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
Design basis  - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALSDesign basis  - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
Design basis - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALSiFluids Engineering
 
2015 week five b pool copy
2015 week five b pool  copy2015 week five b pool  copy
2015 week five b pool copyJusticebuilding
 
Material and energy balance using Aspen
Material and energy balance using AspenMaterial and energy balance using Aspen
Material and energy balance using AspenRajat Verma
 

Viewers also liked (18)

El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiusso
El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiussoEl imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiusso
El imperio renault.pptx. antonio stiusso
 
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from Norway
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from NorwayPowered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from Norway
Powered by Nature - Sustainable Solutions from Norway
 
Industria digitala 16
Industria digitala 16Industria digitala 16
Industria digitala 16
 
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215
Gutell 083.jmb.2002.321.0215
 
Baruu
BaruuBaruu
Baruu
 
Nancy neira hermenejildo
Nancy neira hermenejildoNancy neira hermenejildo
Nancy neira hermenejildo
 
Memcached
MemcachedMemcached
Memcached
 
Consumo de drogas
Consumo de drogasConsumo de drogas
Consumo de drogas
 
Vivienda bioclimática
Vivienda bioclimáticaVivienda bioclimática
Vivienda bioclimática
 
Educando a un niño
Educando a un niñoEducando a un niño
Educando a un niño
 
Trabajo tics 1
Trabajo tics 1Trabajo tics 1
Trabajo tics 1
 
Naviera perú 2015
Naviera perú 2015Naviera perú 2015
Naviera perú 2015
 
Fuentes periodísticas
Fuentes periodísticasFuentes periodísticas
Fuentes periodísticas
 
Siro bezpecnostni-list-45.3.90128
Siro bezpecnostni-list-45.3.90128Siro bezpecnostni-list-45.3.90128
Siro bezpecnostni-list-45.3.90128
 
Design basis - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
Design basis  - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALSDesign basis  - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
Design basis - PROCESS DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
 
2015 week five b pool copy
2015 week five b pool  copy2015 week five b pool  copy
2015 week five b pool copy
 
Material and energy balance using Aspen
Material and energy balance using AspenMaterial and energy balance using Aspen
Material and energy balance using Aspen
 
Pronouns
PronounsPronouns
Pronouns
 

บทที่ 1

  • 1. šš¸É 1 šœÎµ ‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¤µÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Šž{®µ ‡ªµ¤Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÂ¨³‡ªµ¤Á‹¦·„oµª®œoµ…°ŠÁš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¸­¤´¥Ä®¤n Áž}œ­nªœ­Îµ‡´š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o ‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤˜o°Šž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ¨³¡´•œµ˜œÁ°ŠÄ®oš´œ˜n°„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Šš´ÊŠ®¨µ¥ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠ šµŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µ˜o°Šž¦´ž¦»ŠÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®o‡œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Ä®o­°—‡¨o°Š„´­ ™µœ„µ¦–r˜nµŠ Ç š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ —oª¥Á®˜»œ¸Êœ´„„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹¹ŠÅ—o¡¥µ¥µ¤ž¦´ž¦»Š®¨´„­¼˜¦Äœ¦³—´˜nµŠ Ç Ä®oÅ—o¤µ˜¦“µœ Á¡ºÉ°Áž}œ®¨´„Äœ„µ¦œÎµÅžÄo„ož{®µÂ¨³—εÁœ·œ¸ª·˜Äœ­´Š‡¤š¸ÉÁž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š°¥¼n˜¨°—Áª¨µ „µ¦«¹„¬µÁž}œ„¦³ªœ„µ¦š¸É­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦¡´•œµ‡œÄ®o¤¸‡»–£µ¡ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³ž¦´˜´ª°¥nµŠ ¦¼oÁšnµš´œ„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š˜nµŠ Ç ¦nª¤„´„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µÄœÂœªšµŠš¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤˜µ¤‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦ šµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ ­´Š‡¤ „µ¦Á¤º°Š ¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤˜nµŠ Ç …°Šž¦³Áš« Ž¹ÉŠ‹³nª¥­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r ‡ªµ¤Á‹¦·„oµª®œoµÄ®o„n­´Š‡¤Åš¥ —´Šœ´Êœ ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 254 2 ‹¹Š„ε®œ—ÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦ž’·¦¼ž„µ¦«¹„¬µ ץĮo‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´­¼Š­»—„´„µ¦ž’·¦¼ž„¦³ªœ„µ¦ Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o×¥¥¹—Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ­Îµ‡´ Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÅ—o¡´•œµÁ˜È¤˜µ¤«´„¥£µ¡ ­µ¤µ¦™Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÅ—o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š ¦¼o‹´„­ªŠ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÅ—o°¥nµŠ˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š˜¨°—¸ª·˜ š´ÊŠœ¸Ê­™µœ«¹„¬µ‹³˜o°Š®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦‹´— „¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É­°—‡¨o°Š„´‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³‡ªµ¤™œ´—…°ŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ ž¨¼„ {Š‡»–›¦¦¤ ‹¦·¥›¦¦¤ Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ‡œš¸É­¤¼¦–r ‡º° Áž}œ‡œ—¸ ‡œÁ„nŠ ¨³¤¸‡ªµ¤­»…°¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2542 („¦¤ª·µ„µ¦, 2542, ®œoµ 21) Å—o„¨nµª™¹ŠÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µÅªoªnµ „µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oĜæŠÁ¦¸¥œ‹³˜o°Š¤¸„¦³ªœ„µ¦ ¨³ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É®¨µ„®¨µ¥ Ÿ¼o­°œ‹³˜o°Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š¡´•œµ„µ¦šµŠ­˜·ž{µ ª·›¸„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ˜œÁ°ŠÅ—o°¥nµŠÁ®¤µ³­¤„´ª´¥ „µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‹³˜o°Š­œ°Š‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦…°Š œ´„Á¦¸¥œ°¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š ‡¦¼˜o°ŠÁ…oµÄ‹›¦¦¤µ˜·…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ „µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤‡ª¦Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤ Áœoœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤­£µ¡‹¦·Š Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¦nª¤„´œ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‹µ„ ›¦¦¤µ˜· „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‹µ„„µ¦ž’·´˜·‹¦·Š „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¼¦–µ„µ¦ ¨³„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o‡¼n‡»–›¦¦¤ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÅž­¼nÁžjµ®¤µ¥°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ ˜nÄœ­£µ¡‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š „µ¦ ‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄœÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÅ—ož¦³­„´ž{®µ¤µ„¤µ¥Ž¹ÉŠÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅž˜µ¤­£µ¡
  • 2. 2 ‡ªµ¤¡¦o°¤Â¨³…œµ—…°ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œ š´ÊŠÄœ­£µ¡Âª—¨o°¤¦°®o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œ ˜´ªœ´„Á¦¸¥œ ˜´ª‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ ¦ª¤™¹Š „¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Ž¹ÉŠž{®µÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨™¹Š‡»–£µ¡„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÃ—¥˜¦Š (¤–œ·£µ »˜·»˜¦, 2536, ®œoµ 9) „¦³ªœ„µ¦®œ¹ÉŠš¸É­µ¤µ¦™nª¥®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ ‡º° „µ¦šÎµª·‹´¥ Ž¹ÉŠ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ®nŠµ˜· ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2542 Å—o„¨nµªÅªoªnµ „µ¦šÎµª·‹´¥ Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¨³®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544 ¥´ŠÅ—o „¨nµª™¹Š „µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°ŠŸ¼oÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š —´ŠÁnœ «¹„¬µ ‡oœ‡ªoµ ª·‹´¥ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÄ®o­°—‡¨o°Š„´„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o…°Š œ´„Á¦¸¥œ Ä®o‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œœÎµ„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥¤µ Ÿ­¤Ÿ­µœ®¦º°¼¦–µ„µ¦ÄoÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ‡»–£µ¡…°Š œ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o œ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ­µ¤µ¦™Äo„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o Äœ„µ¦šÎµ ª·‹´¥¤¸œ´„„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ¨³œ´„ª·‹´¥®¨µ¥šnµœÅ—ošÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µª·‹´¥„´œ°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ…ªµŠ Á¡ºÉ°®µª·›¸Â„ož{®µ Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Šµ˜· Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ´Êœ­µ¤µ¦™Á…oµÅžÂ„ož{®µÅ—o˜nÁ¡¸¥ŠµŠ­nªœ Á¡¦µ³ž{®µš¸É¤¸°¥¼n„´¦·šš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœ Äœ…–³š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Â˜n¨³Â®nŠœ´ÊœÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ®¨µ¥­™µ´œšµŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µ¥´Š®´œ¤µÄ®o ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®o¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡¤µ„ ¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ æŠÁ¦¸¥œ ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ Å—oÄ®o‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Â¨³˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ …°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÁž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ Ž¹ÉŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œœ¸ÊÁž}œÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œš¸É°¥¼nÄœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ —¼Â¨ Äœ®œnª¥ ­Îµœ´„ŠµœÁ…˜¡ºÊœš¸É„µ¦«¹„¬µ¨ÎµžµŠ Á…˜ 1 ­´Š„´—­Îµœ´„Šµœ‡–³„¦¦¤„µ¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ …´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ „¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦ Ážd——εÁœ·œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦ ˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦…°ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œ¦ª¤ 2 ¦³—´´Êœ ‡º° ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œ˜oœ (nªŠ´Êœš¸É 3) ¨³¦³—´ ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œž¨µ¥ (nªŠ´Êœš¸É 4) ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nže¡»š›«´„¦µ 2504 Áž}œ˜oœ¤µ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Äœ“µœ³‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ Äœ¦³—´´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 ¨³¦³—´´Êœ ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 3ץčo®¨´„­¼˜¦‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r …°ŠšµŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÄœ„µ¦­°œ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o‹´—®¨´„­¼˜¦Ä®o ˜¦Š˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544 ×¥š´ÉªÅž„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Äœ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 Áž}œª·µ®œ¹ÉŠ š¸É¡ž{®µÄœ—oµœ‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ÄœÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡n°œ…oµŠ˜Éε Á¡¦µ³Áž}œ nªŠ˜n°¦³®ªnµŠ¦³—´ž¦³™¤«¹„¬µ„´¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œ˜oœ ‹µ„„µ¦š¸ÉŸ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o¨„Áž¨¸É¥œ ‡ªµ¤‡·—Á®ÈœÂ¨³ž¦³­„µ¦–r„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦ršnµœ°ºÉœ Ç ˜¨°—‹œ 0 Å0 —o¡¼—‡»¥ Ž´„™µ¤„´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ ž¦³­„´ž{®µÄœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ„¸É¥ª„´ÁœºÊ°®µ
  • 3. 3 ˜nµŠ Ç ¤µ„œo°¥Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ˜nÁœºÊ°®µ®œ¹ÉŠš¸Éž¦³­ž{®µ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ‡º° Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ¡ªnµ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¥´Š¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É‹ÎµÁž}œÅ¤nÁ¡¸¥Š¡°˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ °¥nµŠÁnœ …o°‡ªµ¤ 6 ‡¼–„´‹Îµœªœ‹Îµœªœ®œ¹ÉŠ œ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™Á…¸¥œÄ®o°¥¼nÄœ¦¼ž­´¨´„¬–rÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—oÁ¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¤µÂ¨oªÄœ¦³—´ž¦³™¤«¹„¬µ „µ¦…µ—‡ªµ¤Â¤nœ¥ÎµÄœ„µ¦ª„¨³„µ¦¨‹ÎµœªœÁ˜È¤ Ánœ 5 + (–3) = 8, 4 – (–3) = 1, (–5) + (–5) = 0 Áž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— Ž¹ÉŠž{®µÁ®¨nµœ¸ÊÁž}œ¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É­Îµ‡´°¸„—oª¥ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ „µ¦…µ—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Äœ­¤´˜·„µ¦‡¼–¨³„µ¦®µ¦Á¨…¥„„ε¨´ŠÂ¨³­¤´˜·„µ¦Â‹„‹Š œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ¥´Š¡ªnµœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸ÉŸ·—Á„¸É¥ª„´œ·¡‹œrš¸ÉÁž}œÁ°„œµ¤Â¨³œ·¡‹œrš¸ÉŤn Áž}œÁ°„œµ¤ —¸„¦¸…°ŠÁ°„œµ¤Â¨³¡®»œµ¤ Ánœ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ°„ªnµ –5xy2 ŤnÁž}œÁ°„œµ¤ ץĮo Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµ ‡nµ‡Š˜´ª…°Šœ·¡‹œrœ¸ÊÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ¨ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— ¨³¤¸œ´„Á¦¸¥œš¸É˜°ªnµ –5xy2 ‹µ„ž{®µÂ¨³­µÁ®˜»…oµŠ˜oœ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ—oµœ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š ‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ š¦µªnµž{®µ—´Š„¨nµª­µ¤µ¦™Â„oÅ…Å—o×¥„µ¦ž¦´„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š ‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oÄ®oÁ®¤µ³­¤„´­£µ¡œ´„Á¦¸¥œ čoª·›¸„µ¦­°œÂ¨³­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ š¸É®¨µ„®¨µ¥Äœ„µ¦nª¥­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³„¦³ªœ„µ¦‡·—ÄœÁœºÊ°®µ œ´Êœ Ç „¦³˜»oœÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o‡oœ¡‡ªµ¤¦¼o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o™µ¤ –˜° ¨³ ¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®o¤µ„…¹Êœ ¨³‹¦·¥µ Á®œ¸¥œÁŒ¨¥ ( 2536, ®œoµ 117) Å—o„¨nµªªnµ „µ¦Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³„°„µ¦­°œÃ—¥„µ¦œÎµÁ°µ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ®¨µ¥ Ç °¥nµŠ¤µ­´¤¡´œ›r Áž}œÁ°„œµ¤ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸É™¼„˜o°Š ˜nÁ°„œµ¤œ¸Ê¤¸—¸„¦¸ ‡º° 2 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉŸ·— Á®ÈœÅ—oªnµ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ…oµÄ‹Äœ®¨´„„µ¦Äœ­µ¦³œ´Êœ Ç ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ „µ¦¤¸…o°Ÿ·—¡¨µ—Äœ„µ¦‡Îµœª–®µŸ¨¨´¡›r Á„¸É¥ª„´¡®»œµ¤ Ánœ 5xy + (–4xy) = 9xy, 5(2x + 3y) = 10x + 3y, (2x+5) – (5x + 3) = 3x +2 Áž}œ˜oœ ­·ÉŠš¸É„¨nµª¤µ…oµŠ˜oœœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨„¦³š˜n°Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ ‡º°šÎµÄ®oŸ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œÁ„¸É¥ª„´¡®»œµ¤‡n°œ…oµŠ˜Éε Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o«¹„¬µÂ¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r™¹Š­µÁ®˜»š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÄœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ Ž¹ÉŠ­µÁ®˜» …°Šž{®µœnµ‹³Á„·—‹µ„‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œÅ¤nÅ—o˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤¦¼o¡ºÊœ“µœÂ¨³…µ—„µ¦ššªœ‡ªµ¤¦¼o ¡ºÊœ“µœÁ—·¤„n°œœÎµÁ­œ°ÁœºÊ°®µÄ®¤nĜ˜n¨³ÁœºÊ°®µ čo„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥Â¨³°›·µ¥ÁœºÊ°®µ˜µ¤®œ´Š­º° Á¦¸¥œÂ¨oªÁ…¸¥œœ„¦³—µœ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ‹³Áœoœ„µ¦‹ÎµÄœ­·ÉŠš¸É‡¦¼Â­—ŠÄ®o—¼Áž}œ˜´ª°¥nµŠ šÎµÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ …µ—„µ¦‡·— ¨³…µ—„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³„°„µ¦­°œš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³ „¦³ªœ„µ¦˜nµŠ ÇÄœÁœºÊ°®µ „µ¦Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o™µ¤ –˜°Â¨³¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ„·‹„¦¦¤ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œœo°¥¤µ„ ­·ÉŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê­nŠŸ¨„¦³š˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÁž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ šÎµÄ®o œ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡n°œ…oµŠ˜É娳¤¸‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r¨—œo°¥¨Š Á„·—‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°®œnµ¥ Ťn°¥µ„Á¦¸¥œ Ťn¤¸‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÂ¨³Å¤n­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ
  • 4. 4 „´œÂ¨³¤¸‡»–‡nµš¸É­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ž¹ÉŠ„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°®µ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Äœ…–³š¸É °¸„°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄoÁ¡ºÉ°°›·µ¥…o°ÁšÈ‹‹¦·Š…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³°¸„œ·—°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ š¸É¨¹„Ž¹ÊŠÅ—o ž¦³®¥´— ‹·¦³ª¦¡Š«r Å—o„¨nµªªnµ ­ºÉ°Â˜n¨³°¥nµŠ¥n°¤¤¸—¸ÄœÂ˜n¨³°¥nµŠ Ťn¤¸­ºÉ°œ·—Ä— Ä®oŸ¨—¸°¥nµŠ­¤¼¦–r „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¥n°¤˜o°Š„µ¦¡´•œµ¡§˜·„¦¦¤š´ÊŠ­µ¤—oµœ ‡º° ‡ªµ¤¦¼o š´„¬³ ¨³Á‹˜‡˜· ‹¹Š˜o°Š°µ«´¥„µ¦¼¦–µ„µ¦‹µ„­ºÉ°š¸É­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄ®oÁ„·—Ÿ¨—¸š´ÊŠ­µ¤—oµœ „µ¦ž¦´„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Ÿ¼o­°œ—´Š„¨nµª ­µ¤µ¦™—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Å—o®¨µ¥ª·›¸ Ž¹ÉŠª·›¸„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤Ã—¥Äo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ Áž}œÂœªšµŠ®œ¹ÉŠš¸É­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÁž}œÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦ž¦´ „·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÅ—o „¨nµª‡º° „µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ Á¡¦µ³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ÁœºÊ°®µšÁ¦¸¥œš¸É¥»nŠ¥µ„Ž´Žo°œÅ—oŠnµ¥…¹ÊœÄœ¦³¥³Áª¨µ°´œ­´ÊœÂ¨³­µ¤µ¦™nª¥Ä®oÁ„·— ‡ªµ¤‡·—¦ª¥°—ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Šœ´Êœ Ç °¥nµŠ™¼„˜o°ŠÂ¨³¦ª—Á¦Èª nª¥„¦³˜»oœÂ¨³­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Ä®o„´ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ šÎµÄ®o¦¼o­¹„­œ»„­œµœÂ¨³Å¤nÁºÉ°®œnµ¥Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ „·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¤µ„…¹Êœ šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¤œ»¬¥r­´¤¡´œ›r°´œ—¸Äœ¦³®ªnµŠœ´„Á¦¸¥œ—oª¥„´œ nª¥Á­¦·¤­¦oµŠ¨´„¬–³š¸É—¸Äœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡oœ‡ªoµ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼o¨³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤‡·—­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r ‹µ„„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°Á®¨nµœ´Êœ nª¥Â„ož{®µÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠ»‡‡¨ ×¥‹´—Ä®o¤¸„µ¦Äo­ºÉ°Äœ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ¦µ¥»‡‡¨ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê ¥´Šnª¥Äœ„µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œŸ¨„µ¦­°œÂ¨³„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š„µ¦ Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ°¸„—oª¥ „µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁž}œ¦¼žÂ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸É­µ¤µ¦™ —εÁœ·œ„µ¦ª·‹´¥Åž¡¦o°¤„´„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ˜µ¤ž„˜· ­µ¤µ¦™‡oœ®µÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µ š¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÄœ…–³ž’·´˜·„µ¦­°œÁ¡ºÉ°œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ ­°—‡¨o°Š„´ Arends (°oµŠÄœ —ªŠ®š´¥ „µ«ª·¼¨¥r, 2548, ®œoµ 25) Å—o„¨nµªªnµ ×¥š´ÉªÅžÂ¨oª „µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁ¦·É¤˜oœ—oª¥­™µœ„µ¦–rÄœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œš¸É‡¦¼¡ªnµÁž}œž{®µ®¦º° ŤnÁž}œš¸Éœnµ¡°Ä‹Â¨³‡·—ªnµ‡ª¦¤¸„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oÅ… Ž¹ÉŠ„¦³ªœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ž¦³„°—oª¥ „µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ ž{®µÂ¨³ªµŠÂŸœ„µ¦­º‡oœ „µ¦¨Š¤º°ž’·´˜·Â¨³Á„ȝ¦ª¦ª¤…o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÅ—o‹µ„„µ¦ž’·´˜· ×¥„µ¦ ­´ŠÁ„˜„µ¦–r¨³­³šo°œ‡·—˜n°…ªœ„µ¦š´ÊŠ®¤— „n°œš¸É‹³¥o°œ„¨´Åžž¦´ÂŸœÄ®¤n ¨³ —εÁœ·œ„µ¦­º‡oœ˜n°Åž Ž¹ÉŠ„ȇº°„µ¦„¨´Á…oµ­¼nªŠ‹¦„µ¦ª·‹´¥°¸„‡¦´ÊŠœ´ÊœÁ°Š ×¥…ªœ„µ¦œ¸Ê‹³Á„·—…¹Êœ °¥nµŠ˜n°ÁœºÉ°ŠÅž‹œ„ªnµŸ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜·‹³Áž}œš¸É¡°Ä‹ —´Šœ´Êœ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤ž¦³­Š‡rš¸É‹³—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ ª·‹´¥ ץčo¦³Á¸¥ª·›¸„µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œ˜µ¤Â‹Îµ¨°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦š¸ÉœÎµÁ­œ°Ã—¥ Kemmis and McTaggart (°oµŠÄœ Ÿn°Š¡¦¦– ˜¦´¥¤Š‡¨„¼¨, 2544 , ®œoµ 33) Ž¹ÉŠž¦³„°—oª¥ 3 …´Êœ˜°œ ‡º° …´ÊœªµŠÂŸœ (Plan) …´Êœž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¨³­´ŠÁ„˜Ÿ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜· ( Act and observe) ¨³
  • 5. 5 …´Êœ­³šo°œŸ¨„µ¦ž’·´˜· ( Reflect) ×¥¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r¨³«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÄœ—oµœŸ¨­´¤§š›·Í šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´ œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ °´œ‹³Áž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦‹´— „·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œÄœÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œÄ®o¤¸ž¦³­·š›·Í£µ¡¤µ„¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥ „µ¦ª·‹´¥Äœ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r 1. Á¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ 2. Á¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ Äœ—oµœ 2.1 Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ 2.2 ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r …°Á…˜…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥ „¨»n¤š¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ „¨»n¤š¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê Áž}œœ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥œ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¡·É¤Á˜·¤ že„µ¦«¹„¬µ 2552 æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ ÁœºÊ°®µ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ÁœºÊ°®µš¸ÉčoÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê Áž}œª·‹´¥Á·Šž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ´ÊœÁ¦¸¥œÁ¡ºÉ°¡´•œµ„·‹„¦¦¤ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ×¥‹³«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š„µ¦Äo„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Äœ—oµœŸ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1 ¦µ¥ª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ ˜µ¤®¨´„­¼˜¦„µ¦«¹„¬µ…´Êœ ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¡»š›«´„¦µ 2544
  • 6. 6 œ·¥µ¤«´¡šrÁŒ¡µ³ „µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ®¤µ¥™¹Š „µ¦ž¦´ž¦»Š„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ „µ¦­°œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oŸ¨­´¤§š›·Í šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œÂ¨³ ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ÅžÄœšµŠš¸É—¸…¹Êœ ­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ®¤µ¥™¹Š ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ®¨µ¥ Ç °¥nµŠ ¤µ­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÂ¨³¤¸‡»–‡nµ š¸É­nŠÁ­¦·¤Ž¹ÉŠ„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­ºÉ°„µ¦­°œ°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°®µ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Äœ…–³š¸É°¸„°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄo Á¡ºÉ°°›·µ¥…o°ÁšÈ‹‹¦·Š…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µÂ¨³°¸„œ·—°µ‹ÄoÁ¡ºÉ°„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸É¨¹„Ž¹ÊŠ Å—o„n ­ºÉ°Á„¤ ­ºÉ°´˜¦‡Îµ ­ºÉ°ÂŸnœ£µ¡Â¨³­ºÉ°ž’·´˜·„¦³ÁºÊ°Š¡¸‡–·˜ ­ºÉ°Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³nª¥Ä®oœ´„Á¦¸¥œ¤¸ ž¦³­„µ¦–r‹µ„ž¦³­µš­´¤Ÿ´­š¸ÉŸ­¤Ÿ­µœ„´œ Å—o‡oœ¡ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É‹³Á¦¸¥œÄœ­·ÉŠš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦Å—o—oª¥ ˜œÁ°Š¤µ„¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ ®¤µ¥™¹Š ‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹š¸Éª´—Å—o‹µ„‡³Âœœ„µ¦šÎµÂ f„®´— š—­°ª´—Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œš¸ÉŸ¼oª·‹´¥­¦oµŠ…¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³®œnª¥ ¨³®¨´Š‹µ„š¸Éœ´„Á¦¸¥œÅ—o Á¦¸¥œ‹šÁ¦¸¥œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Äœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ®¤µ¥™¹Š ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„°˜n°­·ÉŠÄ—­·ÉŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ¨³‹³„¦³šÎµ˜n°­·ÉŠœ´Êœ—oª¥‡ªµ¤Á˜È¤Ä‹ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦¦¨»‹»—¤»nŠ®¤µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠª´— —oª¥„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¡§˜·„¦¦¤šµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ—oµœ ‡ªµ¤¦´Ÿ·—°˜n°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ¨³„µ¦Ä i¦¼o ­ªŠ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÄœ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r ž¦³Ã¥œrš¸ÉÅ—o¦´‹µ„„µ¦ª·‹´¥ 1. Å—oŸœ„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ°ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ 2. Å—oÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ Á¦ºÉ°Š ¡®»œµ¤ ץčo­ºÉ° ž¦³­¤ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Á¦¸¥œ´Êœ¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µžeš¸É 1æŠÁ¦¸¥œ®oµŠŒ´˜¦ª·š¥µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ 3. Å—o…o°¤¼¨Äœ…–³šÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸ÉÁž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦®µª·›¸„µ¦ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oÅ… š´ÊŠÄœ …o°„¡¦n°Š‹µ„„µ¦‹´—„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œ…°Š‡¦¼Â¨³…o°„¡¦n°Š…°Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ