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Josehpine Molina Maningas
The History
• Many people experimented with making
  microscopes

• Was the microscope originally made by
  accident? (Most people were creating
  telescopes)

• The first microscope was 6 feet long!!!

• The Greeks & Romans used “lenses” to
  magnify objects over 1000 years ago.
The History
 • Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland
   in the 1590’s created the “first”
   compound microscope
 • Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert
   Hooke made improvements by working
   on the lenses




Anthony van Leeuwenhoek   Hooke Microscope   Robert Hooke
       1632-1723                             1635-1703
The History




Zacharias Jansen          The “First” Microscope
   1588-1631
How a Microscope Works
Convex Lenses are
curved glass used to
make microscopes
(and glasses etc.)


                       Convex Lenses bend
                       light and focus it in
                       one spot.
How a Microscope Works
Ocular Lens                           Objective Lens
(Magnifies Image)                     (Gathers Light,
                                       Magnifies
                                       And Focuses Image
 Body Tube                             Inside Body Tube)
 (Image Focuses)


•Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens
magnifies and focuses (bends) the image inside the
body tube and the ocular convex (top) lens of a
microscope magnifies it (again).
The Parts of a Microscope
Ocular Lens

           Body Tube



           Nose Piece
                                 Arm
            Objective
            Lenses
                                Stage
           Stage
           Clips
                                Coarse Adj.

           Diaphragm            Fine Adjustment

            Light Source
                                 Base



Skip to Magnification Section
Body Tube
   • The body tube holds the objective
     lenses and the ocular lens at the proper
     distance




Diagram
Nose Piece
   • The Nose Piece holds the objective
     lenses and can be turned to increase
     the magnification




Diagram
Objective Lenses
   • The Objective Lenses increase
     magnification (usually from 10x to 40x)




Diagram
Stage Clips
   • These 2 clips hold the slide/specimen in
     place on the stage.




Diagram
Diaphragm
   • The Diaphragm controls the amount of
     light on the slide/specimen




                           Turn to let more light in or to
                           make dimmer.


Diagram
Light Source
   • Projects light upwards through the
     diaphragm, the specimen and the
     lenses
   • Some have lights, others have mirrors
     where you must move the mirror to
     reflect light



Diagram
Ocular Lens/Eyepiece
   • Magnifies the specimen image




Diagram
Arm
   • Used to support the microscope when
     carried. Holds the body tube, nose
     piece and objective lenses




Diagram
Stage
   • Supports the slide/specimen




Diagram
Coarse Adjustment Knob
   • Moves the stage up and down (quickly)
     for focusing your image




Diagram
Fine Adjustment Knob
   • This knob moves the stage SLIGHTLY
     to sharpen the image




Diagram
Base
   • Supports the microscope




Diagram
Magnification
Magnification
• To determine your magnification…you
  just multiply the ocular lens by the
  objective lens
• Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400
                So the object is 400 times “larger”

                         Objective Lens have
                         their magnification
                         written on them.


                 Ocular lenses usually magnifies by 10x
Caring for a Microscope
• Clean only with a soft cloth/tissue

• Make sure it’s on a flat surface

• Don’t bang it

• Carry it with 2 HANDS…one on the arm
  and the other on the base
Using a Microscope
• Start on the lowest magnification
• Don’t use the coarse adjustment knob
  on high magnification…you’ll break the
  slide!!!
• Place slide on stage and lock clips
• Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…don’t
  stand in front of it!)
• Use fine adjustment to focus
References
•   http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm
•   Google Images
•   http://science.howstuffworks.com/light-microscope1.htm

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The microscope

  • 2. The History • Many people experimented with making microscopes • Was the microscope originally made by accident? (Most people were creating telescopes) • The first microscope was 6 feet long!!! • The Greeks & Romans used “lenses” to magnify objects over 1000 years ago.
  • 3. The History • Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the 1590’s created the “first” compound microscope • Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke made improvements by working on the lenses Anthony van Leeuwenhoek Hooke Microscope Robert Hooke 1632-1723 1635-1703
  • 4. The History Zacharias Jansen The “First” Microscope 1588-1631
  • 5. How a Microscope Works Convex Lenses are curved glass used to make microscopes (and glasses etc.) Convex Lenses bend light and focus it in one spot.
  • 6. How a Microscope Works Ocular Lens Objective Lens (Magnifies Image) (Gathers Light, Magnifies And Focuses Image Body Tube Inside Body Tube) (Image Focuses) •Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens magnifies and focuses (bends) the image inside the body tube and the ocular convex (top) lens of a microscope magnifies it (again).
  • 7. The Parts of a Microscope
  • 8. Ocular Lens Body Tube Nose Piece Arm Objective Lenses Stage Stage Clips Coarse Adj. Diaphragm Fine Adjustment Light Source Base Skip to Magnification Section
  • 9. Body Tube • The body tube holds the objective lenses and the ocular lens at the proper distance Diagram
  • 10. Nose Piece • The Nose Piece holds the objective lenses and can be turned to increase the magnification Diagram
  • 11. Objective Lenses • The Objective Lenses increase magnification (usually from 10x to 40x) Diagram
  • 12. Stage Clips • These 2 clips hold the slide/specimen in place on the stage. Diagram
  • 13. Diaphragm • The Diaphragm controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen Turn to let more light in or to make dimmer. Diagram
  • 14. Light Source • Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, the specimen and the lenses • Some have lights, others have mirrors where you must move the mirror to reflect light Diagram
  • 15. Ocular Lens/Eyepiece • Magnifies the specimen image Diagram
  • 16. Arm • Used to support the microscope when carried. Holds the body tube, nose piece and objective lenses Diagram
  • 17. Stage • Supports the slide/specimen Diagram
  • 18. Coarse Adjustment Knob • Moves the stage up and down (quickly) for focusing your image Diagram
  • 19. Fine Adjustment Knob • This knob moves the stage SLIGHTLY to sharpen the image Diagram
  • 20. Base • Supports the microscope Diagram
  • 22. Magnification • To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by the objective lens • Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400 So the object is 400 times “larger” Objective Lens have their magnification written on them. Ocular lenses usually magnifies by 10x
  • 23. Caring for a Microscope • Clean only with a soft cloth/tissue • Make sure it’s on a flat surface • Don’t bang it • Carry it with 2 HANDS…one on the arm and the other on the base
  • 24. Using a Microscope • Start on the lowest magnification • Don’t use the coarse adjustment knob on high magnification…you’ll break the slide!!! • Place slide on stage and lock clips • Adjust light source (if it’s a mirror…don’t stand in front of it!) • Use fine adjustment to focus
  • 25. References • http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm • Google Images • http://science.howstuffworks.com/light-microscope1.htm